Featured
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Article |
Break-induced replication orchestrates resection-dependent template switching
Break-induced telomere synthesis initiates recruitment of the SNM1A nuclease, which promotes DNA end resection that in turn allows template switching to enable bypass of lesions.
- Tianpeng Zhang
- , Yashpal Rawal
- & Roger A. Greenberg
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Article |
Columnar structure of human telomeric chromatin
Cryogenic electron microscopy analyses reveal a new, compact structure of telomeric chromatin, providing mechanistic insight into telomere maintenance and function.
- Aghil Soman
- , Sook Yi Wong
- & Lars Nordenskiöld
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Article |
Structures of telomerase at several steps of telomere repeat synthesis
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of Tetrahymena telomerase with telomeric DNA at several steps of nucleotide addition provide insights into the structural basis of telomere repeat synthesis.
- Yao He
- , Yaqiang Wang
- & Juli Feigon
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Article |
Structure of human telomerase holoenzyme with bound telomeric DNA
A high-resolution structure of human telomerase bound to telomeric DNA reveals details of telomerase assembly and its active site, and sheds light on how mutations alter telomerase function.
- George E. Ghanim
- , Adam J. Fountain
- & Thi Hoang Duong Nguyen
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Article |
TRF2-independent chromosome end protection during pluripotency
Experiments in mouse pluripotent embryonic and epiblast stem cells show that TRF2 is dispensable for telomere protection specifically specifically in the pluripotent cells that form during early embryonic development, when cells form T-loops independently of this protein.
- Phil Ruis
- , David Van Ly
- & Simon J. Boulton
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Article |
TRF2-mediated telomere protection is dispensable in pluripotent stem cells
Depletion of TRF2—an essential mediator of telomere protection in most mammalian cells—in mouse embryonic stem cells activates a compensatory transcriptional program that renders TRF2 dispensable for their survival and proliferation.
- Marta Markiewicz-Potoczny
- , Anastasia Lobanova
- & Eros Lazzerini Denchi
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Article |
RAD51-dependent recruitment of TERRA lncRNA to telomeres through R-loops
Telomeric-repeat-containing RNA is recruited to telomeres by a mechanism that involves the DNA recombinase RAD51 and the formation of DNA–RNA hybrids, or R-loops—a process similar to that involved in homology-directed DNA repair.
- Marianna Feretzaki
- , Michaela Pospisilova
- & Joachim Lingner
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Article |
CDK phosphorylation of TRF2 controls t-loop dynamics during the cell cycle
A phospho-switch is identified in the shelterin subunit TRF2 that regulates transient recruitment of the RTEL1 helicase to, and release from, telomeres, and provides a narrow window during which RTEL1 can unwind t-loops to facilitate telomere replication.
- Grzegorz Sarek
- , Panagiotis Kotsantis
- & Simon J. Boulton
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Letter |
Autophagic cell death restricts chromosomal instability during replicative crisis
Cell death during replicative crisis involves autophagy induced by telomere dysfunction.
- Joe Nassour
- , Robert Radford
- & Jan Karlseder
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Article |
Creating a functional single-chromosome yeast
Successive fusion of yeast chromosomes is used to produce a single-chromosome strain that is viable, albeit with slightly reduced fitness.
- Yangyang Shao
- , Ning Lu
- & Zhongjun Qin
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Letter |
Regulation of DNA repair pathway choice in S and G2 phases by the NHEJ inhibitor CYREN
CYREN is a direct inhibitor of classical non-homologous end joining that promotes error-free repair by homologous recombination during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
- Nausica Arnoult
- , Adriana Correia
- & Jan Karlseder
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Article |
Break-induced telomere synthesis underlies alternative telomere maintenance
Alternative lengthening of telomeres in cancer cells is initiated by a specialized replisome and noncanonical homologous recombination at damaged telomeres, culminating in the synthesis of long tracts of telomere DNA.
- Robert L. Dilley
- , Priyanka Verma
- & Roger A. Greenberg
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Letter |
Cell death during crisis is mediated by mitotic telomere deprotection
Cells that bypass senescence in the absence of the p53 tumour suppressor protein have shortened telomeres that undergo fusion, and these fusions trigger mitotic arrest and cell death in crisis.
- Makoto T. Hayashi
- , Anthony J. Cesare
- & Jan Karlseder
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Letter |
MAD2L2 controls DNA repair at telomeres and DNA breaks by inhibiting 5′ end resection
MAD2L2 regulates DNA repair at deprotected telomeres and at ionizing-radiation-induced double-stranded DNA breaks by inhibiting resection of the 5′ ends; the ends are thus shunted into the non-homologous end-joining pathway.
- Vera Boersma
- , Nathalie Moatti
- & Jacqueline J. L. Jacobs
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Letter |
Mammalian polymerase θ promotes alternative NHEJ and suppresses recombination
Next-generation sequencing technology is used to show that the error-prone polymerase θ (Polθ) is needed to promote alternative non-homologous end joining at telomeres, and during chromosomal translocations, while counteracting homologous recombination; inhibition of Polθ represents a potential therapeutic strategy for tumours that have mutations in homology-directed repair genes.
- Pedro A. Mateos-Gomez
- , Fade Gong
- & Agnel Sfeir
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Article |
Pif1 family helicases suppress genome instability at G-quadruplex motifs
In vitro and in vivo, the yeast Pif1 helicase is able to unwind four-stranded G-quadruplex (G4) DNA efficiently and suppress the genomic instability that occurs at such structures; these G4 maintenance activities are conserved among evolutionarily diverse Pif1 family helicases, including human PIF1, demonstrating the importance of this activity throughout evolution.
- Katrin Paeschke
- , Matthew L. Bochman
- & Virginia A. Zakian
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Letter |
A two-step mechanism for TRF2-mediated chromosome-end protection
The telomere-biding protein TRF2 is shown to protect telomeres from activating the DNA-damage response through two mechanisms: preventing the activation ATM kinase through its dimerization domain, in addition to independently suppressing signalling events occurring downstream of ATM.
- Keiji Okamoto
- , Cristina Bartocci
- & Eros Lazzerini Denchi
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Letter |
The TEL patch of telomere protein TPP1 mediates telomerase recruitment and processivity
Using separation-of-function mutations of TPP1 that inhibit telomerase binding while maintaining telomere capping, a region on the surface of TPP1, the TEL patch, is identified and found to be required for both binding telomerase and enhancing its processivity.
- Jayakrishnan Nandakumar
- , Caitlin F. Bell
- & Thomas R. Cech
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Comment |
Too toxic to ignore
A stark warning about the societal costs of stress comes from links between shortened telomeres, chronic stress and disease, say Elizabeth H. Blackburn and Elissa S. Epel.
- Elizabeth H. Blackburn
- & Elissa S. Epel
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News |
Lawsuit challenges anti-ageing claims
Former executive sues manufacturer of pill meant to rejuvenate cells.
- Brendan Borrell
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Letter |
The human CST complex is a terminator of telomerase activity
The human CST complex is shown to interact with the telomeric primer and the POT1–TPP1 complex to inhibit telomerase activity in late S phase, thereby keeping unrestrained telomere lengthening in check.
- Liuh-Yow Chen
- , Sophie Redon
- & Joachim Lingner
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News |
Telomere length in birds predicts longevity
Young zebra finch telomeres serve as a marker for lifespan.
- Heidi Ledford
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Outlook |
Telomeres: All's well that ends well
Elizabeth Blackburn gave the first lecture at the 2011 Lindau meeting, describing her Nobel prizewinning work on telomeres. These chromosomal caps are known to play a role in cancer and are implicated in ageing — but their full biological utility remains a mystery.
- Michael Eisenstein
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News Q&A |
Spit test offers guide to health
Telomeres may not predict how long we'll live, but they can still revolutionise medicine, says Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn.
- Jo Marchant
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Letter |
Telomere shortening and loss of self-renewal in dyskeratosis congenita induced pluripotent stem cells
- Luis F. Z. Batista
- , Matthew F. Pech
- & Steven E. Artandi
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News |
Stress can shorten telomeres in childhood
Children in orphanages have chromosome changes that could affect future health.
- Marian Turner
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Letter |
TERRA and hnRNPA1 orchestrate an RPA-to-POT1 switch on telomeric single-stranded DNA
Two single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, POT1 and RPA, associate with telomeres. Binding of RPA to telomeres can activate a DNA damage response, so it was previously proposed that POT1 binds telomeres to prevent RPA association. Here, it is found that POT1–TPP1 cannot prevent RPA binding, and hnRNPA1 is identified as having this activity instead. In addition, it is shown that TERRA, a telomere-associated RNA, displaces hnRNPA1 and promotes POT1 binding after S phase, when replication is completed.
- Rachel Litman Flynn
- , Richard C. Centore
- & Lee Zou
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Letter |
Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice
Here it is shown that reactivation of endogenous telomerase activity in mice extends telomeres, reduces DNA damage signalling, allows resumption of proliferation in quiescent cultures, and eliminates degenerative phenotypes across multiple organs including testes, spleens and intestines. Accumulating evidence implicating telomere damage as a driver of age-associated organ decline and disease and the reversal of damage observed here support the development of regenerative strategies designed to restore telomere integrity.
- Mariela Jaskelioff
- , Florian L. Muller
- & Ronald A. DePinho
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Letter |
Telomeres avoid end detection by severing the checkpoint signal transduction pathway
The ends of chromosomes, known as telomeres, look like ends generated by double-strand breaks, but if treated as such the DNA damage repair system would initiate a checkpoint response and cause telomere–telomere fusions. These authors show that telomeres lack two types of histone modification that are required for recruitment of Crb2b53BP1, without which the checkpoint cannot be activated even if other DNA damage response proteins are recruited to a Taz1-deficient telomere.
- Tiago Carneiro
- , Lyne Khair
- & Miguel Godinho Ferreira
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Letter |
HAATI survivors replace canonical telomeres with blocks of generic heterochromatin
The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of repeat sequences known as telomeres. Various proteins bind telomeres to protect them from degradation or inappropriate DNA repair responses, and their length is maintained by a specialized reverse transcriptase, telomerase. These authors show that in the absence of telomerase, telomeres can be maintained by amplifying and recombining heterochromatin sequences there. This process requires histone methylation and two telomere-binding proteins, Pot1 and Ccq1.
- Devanshi Jain
- , Anna K. Hebden
- & Julia Promisel Cooper
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Review Article |
Linking functional decline of telomeres, mitochondria and stem cells during ageing
- Ergün Sahin
- & Ronald A. DePinho
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Article |
Zscan4 regulates telomere elongation and genomic stability in ES cells
Zscan4 is shown to be involved in maintaining telomeres in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Only 5% of ES cells express Zscan4 at a given time, but nearly all ES cells activate Zscan4 at least once within nine passages. The transient Zscan4-positive state is associated with rapid telomere extension by telomere recombination and upregulation of meiosis–specific homologous recombination genes. Knocking down Zscan4 shortens telomeres, increases karyotype abnormalities and spontaneous sister chromatid exchange, and slows down cell proliferation until reaching crisis by eight passages.
- Michal Zalzman
- , Geppino Falco
- & Minoru S. H. Ko
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Letter |
Telomere elongation in induced pluripotent stem cells from dyskeratosis congenita patients
Here, iPS cell technology is used to study the mechanisms underlying dyskeratosis congenita in humans. Reprogramming restores telomere elongation in dyskeratosis congenita cells despite genetic lesions affecting telomerase. The reprogrammed cells were able to overcome a critical limitation in telomerase RNA component (TERC) levels to restore telomere maintenance and self-renewal, and multiple telomerase components are targeted by pluripotency-associated transcription factors.
- Suneet Agarwal
- , Yuin-Han Loh
- & George Q. Daley