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Architecture of the chloroplast PSI–NDH supercomplex in Hordeum vulgare
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the photosystem I–NADH dehydrogenase-like supercomplex in barley provide structural details to elucidate the functions and regulation of photosystem I-dependent cyclic electron transport in chloroplasts.
- Liangliang Shen
- , Kailu Tang
- & Xing Zhang
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Structure and mechanism of the SGLT family of glucose transporters
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the sodium–glucose cotransporter SGLT1 and a related transporter SMCT1 define the architecture of this protein family and provide insights into substrate binding and transport function.
- Lei Han
- , Qianhui Qu
- & Liang Feng
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Structural basis of inhibition of the human SGLT2–MAP17 glucose transporter
Using cryogenic electron microscopy, the structure of the human SGLT2–MAP17 complex captured in the empagliflozin-bound state reveals the inhibitory mechanism of these anti-diabetic drugs.
- Yange Niu
- , Rui Liu
- & Lei Chen
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Mechanism for the activation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor
Cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography are used to provide structural and mechanistic details of the activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase by the ligands ALKAL1 and ALKAL2.
- Andrey V. Reshetnyak
- , Paolo Rossi
- & Charalampos G. Kalodimos
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Structure, function and pharmacology of human itch receptor complexes
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the MRGPRX2–Gi1 trimer in complex with polycationic compound 48/80 or inflammatory peptides provide insights into the sensing of cationic allergens by MRGPRX2, potentially facilitating the design of therapies to prevent unwanted pseudoallergic reactions.
- Fan Yang
- , Lulu Guo
- & Jin-Peng Sun
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Structural insights into Ubr1-mediated N-degron polyubiquitination
Structures of Ubr1 in complex with Ubc2, ubiquitin and two N-degron peptides reveal a Ubc2-binding region and an acceptor ubiquitin-binding loop on Ubr1, providing mechanistic insights into the initiation and elongation steps of ubiquitination catalysed by Ubr1.
- Man Pan
- , Qingyun Zheng
- & Minglei Zhao
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Structures of the HER2–HER3–NRG1β complex reveal a dynamic dimer interface
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the HER2–HER3–NRG1β complex reveal a dynamic HER2–HER3 interface and explain the mechanism for the activating HER2 cancer mutations.
- Devan Diwanji
- , Raphael Trenker
- & Natalia Jura
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Target site selection and remodelling by type V CRISPR-transposon systems
Structural studies on Scytonema hofmanni CRISPR-associated transposon protein complexes indicate a mechanism for RNA-guided DNA transposition involving Cas12k, TnsC and TnsB.
- Irma Querques
- , Michael Schmitz
- & Martin Jinek
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AKIRIN2 controls the nuclear import of proteasomes in vertebrates
Using time-controlled CRISPR screens, the authors identify AKIRIN2 as a factor involved in the nuclear import of the proteasome.
- Melanie de Almeida
- , Matthias Hinterndorfer
- & Johannes Zuber
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Dispatched uses Na+ flux to power release of lipid-modified Hedgehog
Cryo-electron microscopy studies show that dynamic coordination of Na+ in the ion channel of Dispatched homologue 1 and the transmembrane Na+ gradient have key roles in exporting lipid-modified Hedgehog protein signal.
- Qianqian Wang
- , Daniel E. Asarnow
- & Philip A. Beachy
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| Open AccessThe structure of neurofibromin isoform 2 reveals different functional states
Cryo-EM structure of Nf1 protein is reported, revealing closed and open conformations that regulate interaction with Ras oncogene, setting the stage for understanding the mechanistic action of Nf1 and how disease mutations lead to dysfunction.
- Andreas Naschberger
- , Rozbeh Baradaran
- & Marta Carroni
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The conformational cycle of prestin underlies outer-hair cell electromotility
Mammalian prestin underlies cellular electromotility by sensing the voltage through a dynamic senor and converting it to an in-plane area expansion.
- Navid Bavi
- , Michael David Clark
- & Eduardo Perozo
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Structure of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with its receptor LDLRAD3
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of domain 1 of the LDLRAD3 receptor in complex with virus-like particles of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) provides insights into the assembly and entry of VEEV and other alphaviruses.
- Bingting Ma
- , Cuiqing Huang
- & Xinzheng Zhang
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| Open AccessStructure of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in complex with the LDLRAD3 receptor
The structure of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in complex with LDLRAD3 provides insights into the structural basis of alphavirus–receptor interactions.
- Katherine Basore
- , Hongming Ma
- & Daved H. Fremont
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Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII2CIV
SCAF1 is solely required for supercomplex CIII2CIV assembly and is not involved in the formation of the respirasome (supercomplex CICIII2CIV)
- Irene Vercellino
- & Leonid A. Sazanov
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Mechanism for Cas4-assisted directional spacer acquisition in CRISPR–Cas
Structures of the Cas4–Cas1–Cas2 complex from Geobacter sulfurreducens show that a 3′-overhang in the protospacer adjacent motif is required for complex assembly and spacer insertion into the CRISPR array.
- Chunyi Hu
- , Cristóbal Almendros
- & Ailong Ke
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Structure-based classification of tauopathies
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of tau filaments from progressive supranuclear palsy and other tauopathies reveal new filament conformations, and suggest that tauopathies can be classified on several different levels according to their filament folds.
- Yang Shi
- , Wenjuan Zhang
- & Sjors H. W. Scheres
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Architecture and assembly mechanism of native glycine receptors
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of pig glycine receptors indicate that they are predominantly assembled with 4α:1β stoichiometry via α-homotrimer and homotetramer intermediates.
- Hongtao Zhu
- & Eric Gouaux
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| Open AccessStructural basis of gating modulation of Kv4 channel complexes
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv4.2 alone and in complex with auxiliary subunits (DPP6S and/or KChIP1) reveal the distinct mechanisms of these two different subunits in modulating channel activity.
- Yoshiaki Kise
- , Go Kasuya
- & Osamu Nureki
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Structures of full-length glycoprotein hormone receptor signalling complexes
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the luteinizing hormone–choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), in complex with Gs and in various states of activation, reveal a distinct mechanism of receptor activation, with implications for drug discovery.
- Jia Duan
- , Peiyu Xu
- & H. Eric Xu
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Kainate receptor modulation by NETO2
The authors report the structures of glutamate-gated kainate receptors in complex with NETO2 in both the resting and the desensitized states and reveal how kainate receptors in the brain are regulated by NETO2.
- Lingli He
- , Jiahui Sun
- & Yan Zhao
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| Open AccessStructural basis of human transcription–DNA repair coupling
The authors resolve the structure of five complexes containing RNA polymerase II and the CSA and CSB proteins, offering insight into how the repair of DNA lesions is coupled to transcription.
- Goran Kokic
- , Felix R. Wagner
- & Patrick Cramer
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Positive allosteric mechanisms of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated analgesia
MIPS521, a positive allosteric modulator of the adenosine A1 receptor, has analgesic properties in a rat model of neuropathic pain through a mechanism by which MIPS521 stabilizes the complex between adenosine, receptor and G protein.
- Christopher J. Draper-Joyce
- , Rebecca Bhola
- & Arthur Christopoulos
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Structure of Geobacter pili reveals secretory rather than nanowire behaviour
Structural, functional and localization studies reveal that Geobacter sulfurreducens pili cannot behave as microbial nanowires, instead functioning in a similar way to secretion pseudopili to export cytochrome nanowires that are essential for extracellular electron transfer.
- Yangqi Gu
- , Vishok Srikanth
- & Nikhil S. Malvankar
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Structural basis for piRNA targeting
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of a PIWI–piRNA complex provide insight into how piRNAs recognise target RNAs and reveal differences from the target mechanisms of microRNAs.
- Todd A. Anzelon
- , Saikat Chowdhury
- & Ian J. MacRae
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Cryo-EM structures of full-length Tetrahymena ribozyme at 3.1 Å resolution
Cryo-electron microscopy has been used to determine the structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (a catalytic RNA) at sufficiently high resolution to model side chains and metal ions.
- Zhaoming Su
- , Kaiming Zhang
- & Wah Chiu
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| Open AccessStructural insights into how Prp5 proofreads the pre-mRNA branch site
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of a newly identified, early spliceosomal complex reveals the mechanism by which the RNA helicase Prp5 enhances the fidelity of the excision of introns from precursor mRNAs.
- Zhenwei Zhang
- , Norbert Rigo
- & Reinhard Lührmann
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Structure and mechanism of blood–brain-barrier lipid transporter MFSD2A
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of mouse MFSD2A sheds light on the mechanism that underlies its lipid transport functions, which have a pivotal role in regulating the blood–brain barrier.
- Chase A. P. Wood
- , Jinru Zhang
- & Liang Feng
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| Open AccessThe structural basis of odorant recognition in insect olfactory receptors
Structural and functional analysis of an insect olfactory receptor shed light on how receptors can be activated by diverse odorants.
- Josefina del Mármol
- , Mackenzie A. Yedlin
- & Vanessa Ruta
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Mechanisms of BRCA1–BARD1 nucleosome recognition and ubiquitylation
The authors elucidate the mechanisms for the ubiquitylation specificity and recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase complex BRCA1–BARD1 to damaged DNA within chromatin to facilitate homologous recombination.
- Qi Hu
- , Maria Victoria Botuyan
- & Georges Mer
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Structural basis of ketamine action on human NMDA receptors
Structures of ketamine bound to human NMDA receptors show how ketamine inhibits receptor activity.
- Youyi Zhang
- , Fei Ye
- & Shujia Zhu
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Structural basis of human separase regulation by securin and CDK1–cyclin B1
Structures of separase in complex with either securin or cyclin B–CDK1 shed light on the regulation of chromosome separation during the cell cycle.
- Jun Yu
- , Pierre Raia
- & Andreas Boland
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Structures of rhodopsin in complex with G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1
Cryo-EM structures of complexes between GRK1 and rhodopsin shed light on how a small number of GRKs can selectively recognize and be activated by hundreds of different G-protein-coupled receptors.
- Qiuyan Chen
- , Manolo Plasencia
- & John J. G. Tesmer
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Structure of human Cav2.2 channel blocked by the painkiller ziconotide
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of human Cav2.2 in the presence or absence of ziconotide reveal the molecular basis of the specificity of this painkiller for Cav2.2, and provide insights into electromechanical coupling in Cav channels.
- Shuai Gao
- , Xia Yao
- & Nieng Yan
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| Open AccessStructural basis of early translocation events on the ribosome
Cryo-electron microscopy and single-molecule fluorescence methods are used to elucidate the mechanism of early translocation events on the bacterial ribosome.
- Emily J. Rundlet
- , Mikael Holm
- & Scott C. Blanchard
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Structure of a mammalian sperm cation channel complex
A structure of the sperm-specific CatSper complex features a number of additional components; together, these components and the CatSper complex are termed the CatSpermasome.
- Shiyi Lin
- , Meng Ke
- & Jianping Wu
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G-protein activation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor
Cryo-electron microscopy structures show that metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 forms a dimer to which only one G protein is coupled, revealing the basis for asymmetric signal transduction.
- Alpay B. Seven
- , Ximena Barros-Álvarez
- & Georgios Skiniotis
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Asymmetric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor homodimer
Cryo-EM structures of human calcium-sensing receptor reveal intrinsic asymmetry in the receptor homodimer upon activation that is stabilized by calcimimetic drugs adopting distinct poses in the two protomers, priming one protomer for G-protein coupling.
- Yang Gao
- , Michael J. Robertson
- & Georgios Skiniotis
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Structures of Gi-bound metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu2 and mGlu4
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of mGlu2 and mGlu4 bound to heterotrimeric Gi protein shed light on the molecular basis of asymmetric signal transduction by metabotropic glutamate receptors.
- Shuling Lin
- , Shuo Han
- & Beili Wu
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Structural basis of omega-3 fatty acid transport across the blood–brain barrier
Cryo-electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations reveal how MFSD2A transports essential omega-3 fatty acids across the blood–brain and blood–retina barriers as lysolipids.
- Rosemary J. Cater
- , Geok Lin Chua
- & Filippo Mancia
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Structures of human mGlu2 and mGlu7 homo- and heterodimers
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of homo- and heterodimers of mGlu2 and mGlu7 provide insights into their dimerization modes and the subunit conformational changes that characterize the activation of these class C G-protein-coupled receptors.
- Juan Du
- , Dejian Wang
- & Qiang Zhao
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Gating and modulation of a hetero-octameric AMPA glutamate receptor
Analyses of AMPA receptor–auxiliary subunit complexes provide insights into the gating and modulation of the AMPA receptor by TARP-γ8 and CNIH2.
- Danyang Zhang
- , Jake F. Watson
- & Ingo H. Greger
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Structural basis of antifolate recognition and transport by PCFT
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of PCFT in a substrate-free state and bound to the antifolate drug pemetrexed provide insights into how this protein recognizes folates and mediates their transport into cells.
- Joanne L. Parker
- , Justin C. Deme
- & Simon Newstead
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| Open AccessStructure and dynamics of a mycobacterial type VII secretion system
A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the inner membrane complex of the ESX-5 type VII secretion system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals an important role of interactions with MycP5 protease for complex integrity.
- Catalin M. Bunduc
- , Dirk Fahrenkamp
- & Thomas C. Marlovits
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Structures of telomerase at several steps of telomere repeat synthesis
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of Tetrahymena telomerase with telomeric DNA at several steps of nucleotide addition provide insights into the structural basis of telomere repeat synthesis.
- Yao He
- , Yaqiang Wang
- & Juli Feigon
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Hippocampal AMPA receptor assemblies and mechanism of allosteric inhibition
Analyses of hippocampal AMPA receptor–auxiliary subunit complexes provide insights into the predominant assemblies and organization of the AMPA receptor, TARP-γ8 and CNIH2/SynDIG4 and explain the mechanism of inhibition of a clinically relevant, brain-region-specific allosteric inhibitor.
- Jie Yu
- , Prashant Rao
- & Eric Gouaux
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| Open AccessStructural basis of GABAB receptor–Gi protein coupling
Cryo-electron microscopy structure of heterodimeric GABAB receptor in complex with Gi1 protein reveals that the mode of G-protein binding in this class-C G-protein-coupled receptor differs from that of other classes.
- Cangsong Shen
- , Chunyou Mao
- & Jianfeng Liu
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Structure of the human Mediator–RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex
The structure of a recombinant 20-subunit version of human Mediator bound to the transcription pre-initiation complex is determined, providing insight into the regulation of RNA polymerase II initiation.
- Srinivasan Rengachari
- , Sandra Schilbach
- & Patrick Cramer
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Structures of mammalian RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complexes
The high-resolution structure of the mammalian pre-initiation complex in different functional states provides detailed insights into the mechanism of transcription initiation.
- Shintaro Aibara
- , Sandra Schilbach
- & Patrick Cramer