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In this Comment, McGregor and Sonpavde discuss the rationale and potential for immunotherapy in advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma, highlighting associations with human papillomavirus infection and a tumour-site agnostic immunotherapy indication, which form the basis of ongoing clinical trials.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with durable and well-tolerated responses in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Predicting which patients respond to therapy has been challenging; however, progress has been made using programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 as a biomarker and a second generation of biomarkers, which are being assessed.