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Does untreated celiac disease associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus worsen microvascular outcomes? Previous studies have concluded that a gluten-free diet offers no major benefit for glycemic control, whereas Leeds and colleagues provide preliminary data to the contrary. The question awaits a long-term prospective study or a clinical trial.
There is an epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus in nearly every nation in the world. This Review gives an overview of the current trends of the diabetes epidemic in a world scenario and discusses the associated major risk factors, particularly genetic and epigenetic factors. The potential impact of the use of HbA1cas an alternative diagnostic tool on global diabetes surveillance is also discussed.
Dose-response studies with patient-specific outcomes rather than surrogate measures of efficacy are needed to determine the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in the elderly. A novel study from Australia now casts doubt on the usefulness of intermittent, high-dose vitamin D supplementation as a strategy to reduce falls and fractures.
After short introductions into the physiology of aromatase and chemical characteristics of aromatase inhibitors, this Review focuses on the efficacy and safety of aromatase inhibitors in the pediatric population, in particular for the treatment of hyperestrogenism, hyperandrogenism, pubertal gynecomastia, and short stature and/or delayed puberty.
Recent studies suggest previously unrecognized complications of hyponatremia, including falls, osteoporosis and fractures, and show that hyponatremia can have direct effects on bone, mainly via activation of osteoclasts. Here, the emerging relationship between hyponatremia and bone is reviewed, with special emphasis on possible mechanisms, unanswered questions and clinical implications.
This Review discusses the emerging concept that resistance to the metabolic adverse effects of lifestyle factors is mediated by an adaptive response to cellular stress, counteracting mechanisms that otherwise lead to impaired insulin signaling and β cell failure. This response exhibits characteristics of hormesis, originally described in toxicology, whereby exposure of cells, tissues or organisms to low levels of toxin induces resistance to higher toxin concentrations.
Primary aldosteronism is a common, but often overlooked, cause of arterial hypertension. Recent guidelines by the Japanese Endocrine Society should improve detection of this surgically curable disorder, but their endorsement of a 'confirmatory' test in patients with a positive aldosterone-to-renin ratio must be viewed with caution.