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The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have uncontrolled glycemia, blood pressure and lipid levels and struggle to achieve targets set by current guidelines. In 2010, subgroup analyses of the ACCORD trial further underscored the need to tailor treatment to each individual.
Landmark studies published in 2010 have shed new light on the biology of thyroid cancer. From cooperation between various genetic lesions during thyroid carcinogenesis to identification of the cell type primarily affected, the results of these studies offer a solid framework for future development of targeted thyroid cancer therapies.
Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as the risk of falls and fractures. Several prospective, randomized, controlled trials published in 2010 highlight the importance of improving vitamin D status in children and adults to reduce the risk of upper respiratory tract infections and cardiovascular disease, amongst other disorders.
Safe, effective treatments that are more widely available than surgery are needed to combat obesity. Nonetheless, the FDA has voted against two new drugs and withdrawn another in 2010. Despite the uphill battle faced by those developing medical therapies, a number of studies demonstrate the variety of biological targets for obesity treatment.
The medical management of pituitary tumors is entering a new era. Novel compounds that directly target the pituitary tumor have shown promise in patients with treatment-refractory or recurrent Cushing disease and acromegaly. Furthermore, the alkylating agent temozolomide provides clinical benefit for patients with aggressive pituitary adenomas or carcinomas.
People are now living longer with type 2 diabetes mellitus; novel complications, such as dementia, could start to emerge. This Review discusses the mechanisms thought to underlie the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and dementia.
The growth of disseminated tumor metastases is a major cause of mortality in patients with cancer, and bone is a common site for metastasis. This Review summarizes the cellular and molecular components of the metastatic cascade and highlights potential new directions for future therapeutic strategies to target bone metastasis.
