Primers and PrimeViews in 2020

This PrimeView highlights the risk factors of myopia, a prevalent eye disorder that causes blurred distance vision.

This Primer by Baird, He and colleagues reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of myopia, a prevalent eye disorder among school-aged children that affects distance vision and may result in irreversible visual impairment.

This PrimeView highlights the risk factors for recurrent pregnancy loss, and accompanies the Primer on this topic by Dimitriadis and colleagues.

This Primer by Dimitriadis and colleagues summarizes the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of allergic rhinitis, an allergic disorder that manifests as sneezing and nasal congestion, itch and discharge upon exposure to causative allergens.

This Primer by Bousquet and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. In addition, it reviews the quality-of-life issues faced by patients and provides an overview of how mobile health technologies could improve patient care.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) originate from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx, and are caused by viral infection or carcinogen exposure. This PrimeView provides an overview of HNSCC diagnosis, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment as well as patient quality of life.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) originate from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and are commonly associated with viral infection and tobacco use. This Primer provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of HNSCCs of different aetiologies and the effects of the cancer and its treatment on patient quality of life.

Delirium is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by an acute change in attention, awareness and cognition. This PrimeView reviews delirium epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management as well as patient quality of life.

Delirium is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by an acute change in attention, awareness and cognition and is caused by various medical conditions. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and classification of delirium as well as its management approaches and discusses future directions in delirium research and treatment.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of Paediatric functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs), and accompanies the Primer article on Paediatric FAPDs by Enck and colleagues.

Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) are encountered by ~25% of infants and children globally. This Primer describes the four subtypes of paediatric FAPD, summarizing the current understanding of its pathogenesis. Additionally, it outlines current approaches in diagnoses and treatment and discusses directions for future research.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of adult chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and accompanies the Primer article on CRS by Bachert and colleagues.

This Primer on chronic rhinosinusitis summarizes the epidemiology, physiology, diagnosis and management of this disorder and discusses the quality of life of patients with this condition.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of neuromyelitis optica, an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. This PrimeView accompanies the Primer article on neuromyelitis optica by Jarius and colleagues.

Neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system characterized by episodes of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. This Primer provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

This PrimeView describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical features of metastatic bone disease, and highlights the specific treatment approaches to prevent and manage bone metastases from solid tumours as well as myeloma bone disease.

The majority of individuals with cancer, notably those with breast or prostate cancer, will develop bone metastases. In this Primer, Coleman and colleagues discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of metastatic bone disease and highlight the specific treatment strategies to prevent disease progression and to manage skeletal morbidities.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by formation of painful ulcers. This PrimeView describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management of PG and effects on patient quality of life.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, non-infectious, inflammatory skin condition characterized by rapidly developing, painful ulcers. This Primer provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.