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An immunotherapy consisting of a tumor-antigen targeting antibody, PD-1 blocking antibody, extended half-life recombinant IL-2 and a lymph-node-targeted T cell vaccine mobilized innate and adaptive immunity and eradicated large established tumors in a variety of mouse models.
Poor responses of liver metastases to the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab in patients with colorectal and breast cancer correlate with tumor co-option of pre-existing blood vessels, a mechanism of tumor resistance that might be targeted by the inhibition of cancer cell motility.
Caspase-2-mediated cleavage of tau is shown to generate a fibrillation-resistant truncation product (Δtau314) that contributes to the missorting of tau into dendritic spines, synaptic dysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments in mice.
Both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are susceptible to subcutaneous infection with Zika virus; longitudinal studies of infected animals provide information about the temporal dynamics of Zika virus in distinct cells, tissues and body fluids, as well as the immune response to the virus.
Reduced hyaluronan–TLR4 signaling in a stem cell population of the lung contributes to a lack of renewal of these cells and promotes fibrosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
In humans and rodent models, commensal gut bacteria contribute to post-stroke infection. Experimental stroke in rodents causes gut barrier dysfunction and permeability, enabling translocation and dissemination of host gut microbiota.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) develop in a minority of HIV-infected individuals. Analyzing data from more than 4,000 infected individuals, Alexandra Trkola and colleagues identify viral, host and disease factors associated with the development of bNAbs that may inform future vaccine design.
An allosteric inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase reveals a metabolic liability of non-small-cell lung cancer and slows tumor growth alone and in combination with chemotherapy in mouse models.
A small-molecule antagonist of the P2X3 receptor reduces blood pressure in hypertensive rats via its action on the carotid body, pointing to a new drug target for treating hypertension.
Stephanus Malherbe and colleagues conducted positron emission tomography–computerized tomography lung scans of patients before and after tuberculosis therapy and report that even in cured, culture-negative patients the majority show lung lesions after 6 months of therapy, suggesting possible persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
RNA editing by the adenosine deaminase ADAR1 controls cathepsin S expression in endothelial cells, a mechanism that is implicated in determining cathepsin S levels in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
Cancer cachexia is marked by a pathological loss of fat tissue, but preventing the degradation of AMPK in this tissue helps preserve its mass in mouse models.
A novel stainless-steel pin has been engineered with a pure magnesium core that promotes improved fracture healing in rats by inducing local production of a key neuropeptide for osteogenesis.
A high-throughput screen of preclinical, investigational and FDA-approved drugs identifies compounds that possess antiviral and neuroprotective effects against Zika virus infection in human neural progenitor cells and astrocytes.
In a mouse model of cerebral cavernous malformation, deletion of the gene PDCD10 leads to vascular defects in the central nervous system as a result of increased UNC13-mediated exocytosis and secretion of angiopoietin-2 by endothelial cells.
Cheng-Lung Ku and colleagues report that anti-interferon (IFN)-γ autoantibodies in patients with disseminated mycobacterial infections recognize the C-terminus of IFN-γ, and suggest that autoantibodies may arise by molecular mimicry. The authors propose a therapeutic strategy to treat patients using a modified IFN-γ that escapes neutralization by autoantibodies.
An IL4R polymorphism associated with severe asthma drives conversion of regulatory T cells to TH17 cells; this can be inhibited by neutralizing interleukin-6.