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The production of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-23 in dendritic cells is strictly regulated via epigenetic silencing. This transcriptional repression is overcome with the help of the deubiquitinase Trabid and has functional implications in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
An important new function for the phosphatase PTEN in regulating interferon responses to viral infection has been delineated. This finding could help explain the remarkable cancer selectivity of many oncolytic viruses.
Thymic selection shapes the repertoire of potentially autoreactive thymocytes that are allowed to mature. The expression pattern of self antigen seen by thymocytes determines the number and functional ability of autoreactive T cells.
Viral infection of the mucosa induces a strong host innate immune response involving type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. New findings show that mechanical or pathogen-induced disruption of the mucus itself can also trigger 'hyper-early' innate responses independent of type I interferons and major sensing pathways of the innate immune system.
Systems immunology identifies molecular and cellular signatures associated with adverse clinical events and antibody response to a vaccine against H1N1 influenza virus.
Arteries are colonized by macrophages of multiple origins, derived prenatally from the yolk sac and during an early postnatal wave from the bone marrow. During sepsis, blood monocyte-derived macrophages transiently contribute to, but do not replace, resident arterial macrophages that largely self-renew in situ.
