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A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus is the production of type I interferons in response to immunocomplexes containing self DNA from dead cells and DNA-specific IgG. Sanjuan and colleagues find that IgE specific for self DNA also exacerbates this disease.
T cells proliferate in response to cues provided by antigen-presenting cells or high concentrations of cytokines. Krummel and colleagues reveal a distinct requirement for the cytoskeletal protein septin 7 for cytokine-driven bystander T cell proliferation.
PTEN functions as a tumor suppressor. Guo and colleagues now find PTEN also serves a critical role in antiviral innate immunity by inducing the production of type I interferon.
Low availability of glucose in tumors negatively affects the activity of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Loss of T cell function under these conditions is mediated by the microRNAs miR-101 and miR-26a, which target expression of the methytransferase EZH2 and thereby diminish the expression of anti-tumor cytokines.
Understanding cytotoxic T cells has been a major focus of immunology research for decades. Proteomic profiling of these cells now brings them into unprecedented and revealing focus.
New data redefine macrophages as diverse, polyfunctional and plastic cells that respond to the needs of the tissue at steady state and during disturbed homeostasis.
Immune responses are characterized by the concerted actions of both effector mechanisms and regulatory mechanisms. Signaling via the transcription factor STAT1 downstream of receptors for interferons and interleukin 27 (IL-27) can suppress type 2 immune responses induced by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs).
Ginhoux and colleagues discuss how recent advances in macrophage development and functional diversity indicate a multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function.
In addition to their role in systemic innate immunity, macrophages have important tissue-specific roles. In this Review, Jung and colleagues discuss how differentiation and tissue-specific activation of macrophages are regulated.
Gomez Perdiguero and Geissmann discuss the origin of tissue macrophages as a layered system composed of resident macrophages originating mostly from yolk-sac progenitor cells and transitory myeloid cells that originate and renew from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells.
Glass and Natoli review recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying priming and signal-dependent activation of macrophages, and discuss the impact of genetic variation on these processes.
Macrophages are essential components of mammalian tissues. In this Review, Okabe and Medzhitov discuss the emerging views of macrophage biology from evolutionary, developmental and homeostatic perspectives.
Sumolyation regulates wide-ranging biological processes, but its influence on innate immunity is unclear. Amigorena and colleagues show that sumoylation negatively regulates interferon-β expression and anti-viral immunity.
NEK7 is a serine-threonine kinase linked to mitosis. Beutler and colleagues show that NEK7 is required for assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and restricts NLRP3 activation to interphase of the cell cycle.