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Local glutamate application is often achieved by removing a chemical 'cage' with ultraviolet light. Matsuzaki et al. report a new method for uncaging glutamate with infrared light, and show that the shape of individual dendritic spines correlates with AMPA receptor responses.
Two initially identical zebrafish motoneurons adopt different fates before their axons arrive at the final target. A new paper suggests that an intermediate target is critical for this choice.
Auditory cortex in anesthetized animals responds poorly to rapid stimulus trains. In awake marmosets, rapidly repeating sounds are now shown to be represented by a rate code.
An imaging study suggests memories may depend briefly on the hippocampus, and for a prolonged period on the entorhinal cortex, before being organized fully within the neocortex.