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Gate-tunable heterojunction diodes—or triodes—that are based on van der Waals heterostructures formed from two-dimensional indium selenide and three-dimensional silicon can exhibit subthreshold slopes of 6.4 mV decade–1 and on-state current densities of 0.3 µA µm–1 at a drain bias of –1 V.
A conformable sensory interface that can be attached to the inside of any user-supplied face mask can be used to monitor signals related to infectious diseases, environmental conditions and wear status of the face mask.
A reservoir computing system for multimode and multiscale signal processing can be created using optoelectronic synapses that are based on α-In2Se3 and exploit the tightly coupled ferroelectric and optoelectronic properties of the material.
An interactive mouthguard that uses mechanoluminescent phosphors, distributed-optical-fibre sensors and machine learning algorithms can translate different biting patterns into inputs that can control other devices.
Monolithically integrated superconducting single-photon detectors and Josephson junctions can be used to create superconducting optoelectronic synapses with analogue weighting and temporal leaky integration of single-photon presynaptic signals
A wearable epidermal sweat sensing platform that contains a printed low-power electrochromic display and a stretchable Ag2O–Zn battery can collect, analyse and present electrochemical data in real time without the need to connect to external devices.
An artificial synaptic transistor that uses a stretchable bilayer semiconductor as the channel and an encapsulating elastomer as the dielectric can exhibit both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic behaviour, even when under 50% strain.
Dynamic and non-volatile memristors can be used to create hardware-based reservoir and readout layers in artificial neural networks, providing a fully analogue signal processing chain for efficient data classification.
Unreleased acoustic resonators that are fabricated in 14 nm fin field-effect transistor technology and operate from 8 to 12 GHz can be created using phononic waveguides for acoustic confinement and exploiting metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors and transistors to electromechanically drive and sense acoustic vibrations.
Building blocks that consist of capacitors, inductors and resistors can be used to create circuit designs that can implement the spin–orbit interaction, topological Chern state and non-Abelian Aharonov–Bohm effect.
The ultraviolet-assisted intercalative oxidation of high-mobility two-dimensional semiconductor Bi2O2Se can be used to create a single-crystalline native oxide dielectric—β-Bi2SeO5—that can yield top-gated transistors with an equivalent oxide thickness of 0.41 nm.
The antiferromagnetic moments in the topological insulator/antiferromagnetic insulator bilayer (Bi,Sb)2Te3/α-Fe2O3 can be reversibly switched using electrical currents at room temperature, and with a critical current density that is one order of magnitude smaller than that required in heavy-metal/magnetic insulator systems.
A current-driven modulator based on the magneto-optic effect can operate at temperatures as low as 4 K and offer data rates of up to 2 Gbps with an energy consumption below 4 pJ per bit of transferred information.
A method that minimizes strain and doping can be used to fabricate metal contacts to encapsulated ultraclean tungsten diselenide monolayers with contact resistances of 5 kΩ μm and transfer lengths of 1 μm.
A network of dual-gate silicon p–i–n photodiodes, which are compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor fabrication processes, can perform in-sensor image processing by being electrically programmed into convolutional filters.
Vanadium diselenide van der Waals contacts made with a controlled crack formation process can be used to fabricate tungsten diselenide transistors with channel lengths of less than 100 nm, on-state current densities of up to 1.7 mA μm–1 and on-state resistances down to 0.50 kΩ μm.
An artificial neuron that detects dopamine using a carbon-based electrochemical sensor and then processes the sensory signals using a memristor with synaptic plasticity, before stimulating dopamine release via a heat-responsive hydrogel, can be used to trigger the controllable movement of a mouse leg and robotic hand.
Two laser beams with different energies and configurations can be used to reversibly dope graphene via chlorination and chlorine removal, allowing rewritable graphene photodetectors to be fabricated.
Nanoscale physical unclonable function labels that offer multiple, independently operating keys and can be used for high-speed multipurpose identification can be created by exploiting the non-deterministic molecular self-assembly of block copolymers.