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Ultrasound-enabled targeting of specific brain circuits
This issue highlights neuroengineering advances, including optogenetic control of the activity of opposing muscle pairs, silicon interfaces for light-controlled non-genetic neuromodulation, genome editing in the brain of a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, and the generation of neural tissues via the modulation of culture conditions and of induced neuronal cells via direct reprogramming of fibroblasts.
The cover illustrates the non-invasive modulation of brain circuits, with cell-type and spatiotemporal specificity, via focused ultrasound and virally encoded receptors engineered to be activated by a designer drug.
Modelling diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems and effectively treating neurological disorders via neuronal manipulation requires far better biomaterials and technology than are currently available.
A technique combining focused ultrasound for opening the blood–brain barrier and virally encoded engineered G-protein-coupled receptors for promoting the expression of a gene targeting excitatory neurons enables the non-invasive stimulation of specific brain regions and cell types in mice.
Polymer-coated gold nanoparticles carrying the CRISPR components for knocking out, in the striatum of adult mice with fragile X syndrome, a gene implied in the syndrome’s pathophysiology rescue the mice from the exaggerated repetitive behaviours characteristic of the syndrome’s phenotype.
Design principles for the development of silicon biointerfaces enable the non-genetic, light-controlled modulation of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and of cellular excitability in vitro, in tissue slices and in mouse brains.
Biopolymer matrices can modulate the transcriptomic profiles of stem-cell-derived neurons in 3D culture to make them resemble cells in specific brain regions, developmental stages and disease conditions.
The combination of focused ultrasound and virally encoded receptors engineered to be activated by a designer drug enables, on intravenous administration of the drug, the non-invasive activation or inhibition of brain regions in mice, with cell-type and spatiotemporal specificity.
Viral transfection of a mixed nerve with two channelrhodopsins with spectrally distinct activation sensitivities enables, via two-colour stimulation of the nerve, optogenetic control over the activity of opposing muscle pairs in a rat hindlimb.
Gene editing of a single gene in the brain of an adult mouse model of fragile X syndrome, achieved via the intracranial injection of a nonviral Cas9 delivery vehicle, rescues mice from the exaggerated repetitive behaviours caused by the disease.
Intracellular, intercellular and extracellular silicon interfaces enable light-controlled non-genetic modulation of intracellular calcium dynamics, of cellular excitability, of neurotransmitter release from brain slices, and of brain activity in vivo.
Hydrogels made from decellularized human brain tissue facilitate the direct conversion of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts into induced neuronal cells that lead to therapeutic outcomes after transplantation in an animal model of ischaemic stroke.
Culturing conditions affect the transcriptomic profiles of induced neuronal cells, and 3D co-cultures of induced neuronal cells and astrocytic cells can be rapidly generated from the same pool of human embryonic stem cells.