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Systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 years of unpredictable chronic stress in zebrafish

Lab Animal volume 52, pages 229–246 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model animal that is being increasingly used in neuroscience research. A decade ago, the first study on unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) in zebrafish was published, inspired by protocols established for rodents in the early 1980s. Since then, several studies have been published by different groups, in some cases with conflicting results. Here we conducted a systematic review to identify studies evaluating the effects of UCS in zebrafish and meta-analytically synthetized the data of neurobehavioral outcomes and relevant biomarkers. Literature searches were performed in three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) with a two-step screening process based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The included studies underwent extraction of qualitative and quantitative data, as well as risk-of-bias assessment. Outcomes of included studies (n = 38) were grouped into anxiety/fear-related behavior, locomotor function, social behavior or cortisol level domains. UCS increased anxiety/fear-related behavior and cortisol levels while decreasing locomotor function, but a significant summary effect was not observed for social behavior. Despite including a substantial number of studies, the high heterogeneity and the methodological and reporting problems evidenced in the risk-of-bias analysis made it difficult to assess the internal validity of most studies and the overall validity of the model. Our review thus evidences the need to conduct well-designed experiments to better evaluate the effects of UCS on diverse behavioral patterns displayed by zebrafish.

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Fig. 1: Flowchart diagram of the collection of studies and selection process.
Fig. 2: Co-authorship network analysis of researchers that authored studies implementing the UCS protocol in zebrafish.
Fig. 3: Risk-of-bias assessment of included studies.
Fig. 4: The effect of UCS protocol on anxiety/fear-related behavior of zebrafish.
Fig. 5: The effect of UCS protocol on the locomotor function of zebrafish.
Fig. 6: The effect of UCS protocol on the social behavior of zebrafish.
Fig. 7: The effect of UCS protocol on cortisol levels in zebrafish.
Fig. 8: Publication bias analyses.
Fig. 9: Sensitivity analyses for studies with a high risk of bias.

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Data availability

All data are available in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/j2zva/).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, proc. 303343/2020-6), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES), and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PROPESQ) at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) for funding and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Matheus Gallas-Lopes, Alana C. Panzenhagen & Ana P. Herrmann

  2. Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Matheus Gallas-Lopes, Leonardo M. Bastos & Ana P. Herrmann

  3. Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Matheus Gallas-Lopes, Leonardo M. Bastos & Angelo Piato

  4. Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    Radharani Benvenutti

  5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Alana C. Panzenhagen

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Contributions

M.G.-L., A.P. and A.P.H. conceived and designed the project. M.G.-L. and A.P.H. curated acquired data and administrated the project. A.P.H. supervised the project. M.G.-L., A.C.P. and A.P.H. collaborated on the formal analysis and data visualization. M.G.-L., L.M.B., R.B., A.P. and A.P.H. contributed to the investigation and methodology. M.G.-L. drafted the article. L.M.B., R.B., A.C.P., A.P. and A.P.H. provided critical revisions of the article.

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Correspondence to Ana P. Herrmann.

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Gallas-Lopes, M., Bastos, L.M., Benvenutti, R. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 years of unpredictable chronic stress in zebrafish. Lab Anim 52, 229–246 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-023-01239-5

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