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On-chip electrocatalytic microdevices

Nature Protocols volume 18, pages 2891–2926 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

On-chip electrocatalytic microdevices (OCEMs) are an emerging electrochemical platform specialized for investigating nanocatalysts at the microscopic level. The OCEM platform allows high-precision electrochemical measurements at the individual nanomaterial level and, more importantly, offers unique perspectives inaccessible with conventional electrochemical methods. This protocol describes the critical concepts, experimental standardization, operational principles and data analysis of OCEMs. Specifically, standard protocols for the measurement of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction of individual 2D nanosheets are introduced with data validation, interpretation and benchmarking. A series of factors (e.g., the exposed area of material, the choice of passivation layer and current leakage) that could have effects on the accuracy and reliability of measurement are discussed. In addition, as an example of the high adaptability of OCEMs, the protocol for in situ electrical transport measurement is detailed. We believe that this protocol will promote the general adoption of the OCEM platform and inspire further development in the near future. This protocol requires essential knowledge in chemical synthesis, device fabrication and electrochemistry.

Key points

  • This protocol describes the use of on-chip electrocatalytic microdevices. Example procedures outline the measurement of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction of individual 2D nanosheets and in situ electrical transport measurement.

  • Advantages over alternatives include streamlined device structure, convenient benchmark and facial incorporation of in situ techniques.

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Fig. 1: Standard three-electrode OCEMs.
Fig. 2: Application of OCEMs for identifying active sites for electrocatalysis.
Fig. 3: Back-gate modulation of 2D semiconductor electrocatalysts in OCEMs.
Fig. 4: The fabrication process of a typical three-electrode C-MoS2 OCEM.
Fig. 5: Validation of the OCEM measurement system by measuring a platinum microelectrode and platinum plate.
Fig. 6: Schematics of key factors affecting the data reliability in OCEM measurements.
Fig. 7: Effects of some factors on the HER performance of C-MoS2 in OCEM measurements.
Fig. 8: The effect of Vds on in situ transport measurement results.
Fig. 9: Nikon NIS-Elements software interface in measuring the exposed C-MoS2 area.
Fig. 10: Illustration and circuit diagram of the three-electrode OCEM measurement system.
Fig. 11: Keysight B2900 Quick IV measurement software interface in the OCEM measurement.
Fig. 12: Data processing of the electrocatalytic HER performance measurement in a three-electrode OCEM.
Fig. 13: Four-electrode OCEMs and an in situ transport measurement system.
Fig. 14: Keysight B2900 Quick IV measurement software interface in the Ids–Vds tests.
Fig. 15: Keysight B2900 Quick IV measurement software interface in the in situ transport measurement of OCEMs.
Fig. 16: Data processing of the in situ transport measurement.
Fig. 17: Preparation and characterization of C-MoS2.

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Data availability

Some data supporting the findings of this study were previously published (Fig. 2c,d21; Fig. 3b,c12; Fig. 510; Fig. 8a28; and Fig. 17c,d21). The others (Fig. 1d, Fig. 7, Fig. 8b, Fig. 12, Fig. 16 and Fig. 17b,e) are available at https://figshare.com/articles/figure/NP-P220012B_On-chip_Electrocatalytic_Microdevices/22649083 or from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Q.H. is thankful for support through grants (Project 9229079, 9610482 and 7005468) from the City University of Hong Kong and Early Career Scheme Project 21302821 and General Research Fund Project 11314322 from the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong. M.D. acknowledges the support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 22172075 and 92156024), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China (Project No. 14380273), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220069) and the Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (Project No. BNLMS202107).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Wenbin Wang, Junlei Qi.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

    Wenbin Wang, Junlei Qi, Zongxiao Wu, Kai Bao, Jingkun Wu, Chengxuan Ke, Lingzhi Wang & Qiyuan He

  2. Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

    Wei Zhai & Li Zhai

  3. Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

    Yanghang Pan & Mengning Ding

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Contributions

W.W., M.D. and Q.H. developed the protocol. W.W., J.Q. and Z.W. performed the experiments. W.W., J.Q., M.D. and Q.H. envisioned and drafted the manuscript. W.Z., K.B., L.Z. and J.W. helped with experiments and data analysis. C.K., L.W. and Y.P. revised the protocols and the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mengning Ding or Qiyuan He.

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: Nature Protocols thanks Youwen Liu, Zheng Liu and Tianyou Zhai for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Key references using this protocol

Ding, M. et al. Nat. Commun. 6, 7867 (2015): https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8867

Yu, Y. et al. Nat. Chem. 10, 638–643 (2018): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-018-0035-6

He, Y. et al. Nat. Commun. 11, 57 (2020): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13631-2

Key data used in this protocol

He, Y. et al. Nat. Mater. 18, 1098–1104 (2019): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0426-0

Wang, W. et al. Adv. Mater. 34, 2203220 (2022): https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202203220

Pan, Y. et al. Nat. Commun. 13, 3063 (2022): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30766-x

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Wang, W., Qi, J., Wu, Z. et al. On-chip electrocatalytic microdevices. Nat Protoc 18, 2891–2926 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-023-00866-z

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