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Neuroscience robotics for controlled induction and real-time assessment of hallucinations

Nature Protocols volume 17, pages 2966–2989 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Although hallucinations are important and frequent symptoms in major psychiatric and neurological diseases, little is known about their brain mechanisms. Hallucinations are unpredictable and private experiences, making their investigation, quantification and assessment highly challenging. A major shortcoming in hallucination research is the absence of methods able to induce specific and short-lasting hallucinations, which resemble clinical hallucinations, can be elicited repeatedly and vary across experimental conditions. By integrating clinical observations and recent advances in cognitive neuroscience with robotics, we have designed a novel device and sensorimotor method able to repeatedly induce a specific, clinically relevant hallucination: presence hallucination. Presence hallucinations are induced by applying specific conflicting (spatiotemporal) sensorimotor stimulation including an upper extremity and the torso of the participant. Another, MRI-compatible, robotic device using similar sensorimotor stimulation permitted the identification of the brain mechanisms of these hallucinations. Enabling the identification of behavioral and a frontotemporal neural biomarkers of hallucinations, under fully controlled experimental conditions and in real-time, this method can be applied in healthy participants as well as patients with schizophrenia, neurodegenerative disease or other hallucinations. The execution of these protocols requires intermediate-level skills in cognitive neuroscience and MRI processing, as well as minimal coding experience to control the robotic device. These protocols take ~3 h to be completed.

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Fig. 1: Robotic setup.
Fig. 2: Behavioral results of the robotic sensorimotor stimulation.
Fig. 3: Brain network of riPH.
Fig. 4: Example of back exploration done for the behavioral experiment.
Fig. 5: The experimental workflow for behavioral experiments is divided into three principal stages.
Fig. 6: Experimental workflow for the fMRI experiment.
Fig. 7: GUI for behavioral experiments.

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Data availability

MRI data are available on zenodo.org (https://zenodo.org/record/4423384#.YkKyHDWxVmN). Behavioral data can be found on GitLab (https://gitlab.epfl.ch/fbernasc/np-p210507a.git).

Code availability

The codes to control the robots have been uploaded to GitLab (https://gitlab.epfl.ch/fbernasc/roboticsph.git).

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by two generous donors advised by CARIGEST SA (Fondazione Teofilo Rossi di Montelera e di Premuda and a second one wishing to remain anonymous) to O.B., Parkinson Suisse to O.B, Bertarelli Novartis Foundation for Medical-Biological Research Foundation to O.B., Empiris Foundation to O.B., Swiss National Science Foundation to O.B. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (19H04187) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to M.H. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (22H00526) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to M.H. E.B. is supported by The National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) ‘Synapsy—The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases’ (# 51AU40–125759) to O.B. We thank P. Pozeg, A. Serino, S. Giedre, R. Salomon and P. Progin for their contribution to the development of the different experimental paradigms. The authors thank the MRI Facility, Human Neuroscience Platform, Fondation Campus Biotech Geneva for providing the MRI check-list questionnaire.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Fosco Bernasconi, Eva Blondiaux.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics & Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland

    Fosco Bernasconi, Eva Blondiaux, Giulio Rognini, Herberto Dhanis, Laurent Jenni, Jevita Potheegadoo & Olaf Blanke

  2. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

    Masayuki Hara

  3. Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland

    Olaf Blanke

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  1. Fosco Bernasconi
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Contributions

The study and the protocol were designed by F.B., E.B., G.R. and O.B. The robotic system and codes for controlling it were designed by M.H and J.L. H.D. developed the code for the GUI allowing to adapt the behavior of the robots depending on the experimental conditions. J.P. adapted the questionnaire for the assessment of the illusions induced by the robotic device. The manuscript was written by F.B., E.B. and O.B. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olaf Blanke.

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Competing interests

O.B., G.R. and M.H. are inventors on patent US 10,286,555 B2 held by the Swiss Federal Institute (EPFL) that covers the robot-controlled induction of the feeling of a presence (presence hallucination). O.B. and G.R. are inventors on patent US 10,349,899 B2 held by the Swiss Federal Institute (EPFL) that covers a robotic system for the prediction of hallucinations for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. O.B. and G.R. are co-founders and shareholders of Metaphysiks Engineering SA, a company that develops immersive technologies, including applications of the robotic induction of presence hallucinations that are not related to the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment of Parkinson’s disease. O.B. is a member of the board and shareholder of Mindmaze SA.

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Key references using this protocol

Blanke, O. et al. Curr. Biol. 24, 2681–2686 (2014): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.049

Serino, A. et al. iScience 24, 101955 (2021): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101955

Bernasconi, F. et al. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, (2021): https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8362

Stripeikyte, G. et al. Schizophr. Bull. (2021): https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab031

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Bernasconi, F., Blondiaux, E., Rognini, G. et al. Neuroscience robotics for controlled induction and real-time assessment of hallucinations. Nat Protoc 17, 2966–2989 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-022-00737-z

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