Abstract
Before the colonial period, California harboured more language variation than all of Europe, and linguistic and archaeological analyses have led to many hypotheses to explain this diversity1. We report genome-wide data from 79 ancient individuals from California and 40 ancient individuals from Northern Mexico dating to 7,400–200 years before present (bp). Our analyses document long-term genetic continuity between people living on the Northern Channel Islands of California and the adjacent Santa Barbara mainland coast from 7,400 years bp to modern Chumash groups represented by individuals who lived around 200 years bp. The distinctive genetic lineages that characterize present-day and ancient people from Northwest Mexico increased in frequency in Southern and Central California by 5,200 years bp, providing evidence for northward migrations that are candidates for spreading Uto-Aztecan languages before the dispersal of maize agriculture from Mexico2,3,4. Individuals from Baja California share more alleles with the earliest individual from Central California in the dataset than with later individuals from Central California, potentially reflecting an earlier linguistic substrate, whose impact on local ancestry was diluted by later migrations from inland regions1,5. After 1,600 years bp, ancient individuals from the Channel Islands lived in communities with effective sizes similar to those in pre-agricultural Caribbean and Patagonia, and smaller than those on the California mainland and in sampled regions of Mexico.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$29.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All sequencing data newly generated in this study are available from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under accession number PRJEB66319. Genotype data obtained by random sampling of sequences at approximately 1.24 million analysed positions are available from Harvard Dataverse under accession number Z2JD58. The data we are publishing in this study are the DNA libraries for each of the ancient individuals we analysed, which are molecular copies of the original molecules extracted from the ancient individuals whose remains in many cases may no longer be available for scientific study. The data we report are therefore not only stored after publication in digital form (the sequences we uploaded) but in molecular form for as long as the libraries are maintained in freezers. This means that more sequences may be generated by those who can support generating a higher quality digital readout of the library, with permission to generate such sequences covered by the current publication. These libraries can only be requested for scholarly use and cannot be used for commercial purposes. If the relevant Indigenous communities request them to be repatriated or reburied, they will no longer be available. In addition, we used the following publicly available datasets: ref. 14 (ENA: PRJEB25445); ref. 34 (ENA: PRJEB37446 and PRJEB39010); ref. 16 (ENA: PRJEB28961); ref. 36 (ENA: PRJEB3555); ref. 70 (ENA: PRJNA470966); ref. 71 (ENA: PRJEB9586 and ERP010710); ref. 79 (NCBI Sequence Read Archive database identifier: SRP029640); and ref. 19 (ENA: PRJEB29074). The hg19 human genome reference sequence was used for all analyses, available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_000001405.25/. The author-accepted version of this article (that is, the version not reflecting proofreading and editing and formatting changes at Nature following the article’s acceptance), is subject to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Open Access to Publications policy, as HHMI lab heads have previously granted a nonexclusive CC BY 4.0 license to the public and a sublicensable license to HHMI in their research articles. Pursuant to those licenses, the author-accepted manuscript (not Nature’s version of record) can be made freely available under a CC BY 4.0 license immediately upon publication.
References
Golla, V. California Indian Languages (Univ. California Press, 2011).
Carpenter, J. P., Sanchez, G. & Villalpando, M. E. in Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology (ed. Schlanger, S. H.) 245–258 (Univ. Press of Colorado, 2002).
LeBlanc, S. A. in Archaeology without Borders: Contact, Commerce, and Change in the US Southwest and Northwestern Mexico (eds Webster, L. D. & McBrinn, M. E.) 107–142 (Univ. Press of Colorado, 2008).
Mabry, J. B., Carpenter, J. P. & Sanchez, G. in Archaeology without Borders: Contact, Commerce, and Change in the US Southwest and Northwestern Mexico (eds Webster, L. D. & McBrinn, M. E.) 155–183 (Univ. Press of Colorado, 2008).
Breschini, G. S. Models of Population Movement in Central California Prehistory (Coyoye Press, 1984).
Erlandson, J. M. et al. Paleoindian seafaring, maritime technologies, and coastal foraging on California’s Channel Islands. Science 331, 1181–1185 (2011).
Johnson, J. R. & Lorenz, J. G. Genetics, linguistics, and prehistoric migrations: An analysis of California Indian mitochondrial DNA lineages. J. Calif. Gt. Basin Antrhopol. 26, 33–64 (2006).
DeLancey, S. & Golla, V. The Penutian hypothesis: retrospect and prospect. Int. J. Am. Linguist. 63, 171–202 (1997).
Merrill, W. L. et al. The diffusion of maize to the southwestern United States and its impact. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21019–21026 (2009).
Shaul, D. L. A PreHistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages. (Univ. of New Mexico Press, 2014).
Greenhill, S. J. et al. A recent northern origin for the Uto-Aztecan family. Preprint at SocArXiv https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/k598j (2023).
Hill, J. H. Proto‐Uto‐Aztecan: a community of cultivators in Central Mexico? Am. Anthropol. 103, 913–934 (2001).
Fowler, C. S. Some lexical clues to Uto-Aztecan prehistory. Int. J. Am. Linguist. 49, 224–257 (1983).
Scheib, C. L. et al. Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion. Science 360, 1024–1027 (2018).
Rasmussen, M. et al. The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature 506, 225–229 (2014).
Posth, C. et al. Reconstructing the deep population history of Central and South America. Cell 175, 1185–1197.e22 (2018).
Hill, J. in Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis (eds Bellwood, P. & Renfew, C.) 331–340 (MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003).
Vellanoweth, R. L. AMS radiocarbon dating and shell bead chronologies: Middle Holocene trade and interaction in western North America. J. Archaeolog. Sci. 28, 941–950 (2001).
Moreno-Mayar, J. V. et al. Early human dispersals within the Americas. Science 362, eaav2621 (2018).
Bellwood, P. et al. First farmers: the origins of agricultural societies. Camb. Archaeol. J. 17, 87–109 (2007).
Glassow, M. A. et al. in California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity (eds Jones, T. L. & Klar, K. A.) 191–213 (Altamira Press, 2007).
Kelley, J. C. & Reyman, J. in The Gran Chichimeca: Essays on the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Northern Mesoamerica (ed. Reyman, J. E.) 103–172 (Avebury Ashgate, 1995).
Coulam, N. J. The appearance of contracting stem dart points in the Western United States, diffusion or migration? KIVA 88, 355–371 (2022).
Barrett, S. A. The Washo Indians. Bull. Pub. Mus. Milwaukee 2, 1–13 (1917).
d’Azevedo, W. L. Handbook of North American Indians. Great Basin. Vol. 11 (Smithsonian Institution, 1986).
Eshleman, J. A. et al. Mitochondrial DNA and prehistoric settlements: native migrations on the western edge of North America. Hum. Biol. 76, 55–75 (2004).
Kaestle, F. A. & Smith, D. G. Ancient mitochondrial DNA evidence for prehistoric population movement: the Numic expansion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115, 1–12 (2001).
Siegel, J. S. in Demographic and Socioeconomic Basis of Ethnolinguistics 427–484 (Springer, 2018).
Severson, A. L. et al. Ancient and modern genomics of the Ohlone Indigenous population of California. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2111533119 (2022).
García-Ortiz, H. et al. The genomic landscape of Mexican Indigenous populations brings insights into the peopling of the Americas. Nat. Commun. 12, 5942 (2021).
Villa-Islas, V. et al. Demographic history and genetic structure in pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. Science 380, eadd6142 (2023).
Jones, T. L. & Klar, K. A. Diffusionism reconsidered: linguistic and archaeological evidence for prehistoric Polynesian contact with southern California. Am. Antiq. 70, 457–484 (2005).
Arnold, J. E. Credit where credit is due: the history of the Chumash oceangoing plank canoe. Am. Antiq. 72, 196–209 (2007).
Nakatsuka, N. et al. A Paleogenomic reconstruction of the deep population history of the Andes. Cell 181, 1131–1145.e21 (2020).
Kennett, D. J. et al. South-to-north migration preceded the advent of intensive farming in the Maya region. Nat. Commun. 13, 1530 (2022).
Fernandes, D. M. et al. A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean. Nature 590, 103–110 (2021).
da Fonseca, R. R. et al. The origin and evolution of maize in the southwestern United States. Nat. Plants 1, 14003 (2015).
Carpenter, J., Sánchez, G., Sánchez, I. & Vierra, B. J. in The Archaic Southwest: Foragers in an Arid Land (ed. Vierra, B. J.) 98–118 (Univ. of Utah Press, 2018).
Carpenter Slavens, J. & Sánchez, G. Los cambios ambientales del Holoceno medio/Holoceno tardío en el desierto de Sonora y sus implicaciones en la diversificación del Yuto-Aztecano y la difusión del maíz. Diálogo Andino https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-26812013000100013 (2013).
Kennett, D. J., Kennett, J. P., Erlandson, J. M. & Cannariato, K. G. Human responses to Middle Holocene climate change on California’s Channel Islands. Quat. Sci. Rev. 26, 351–367 (2007).
Fitzgerald, R. T., Rosenthal, J. S., Eerkens, J. W., Nicholson, D. & Spero, H. J. The distribution of Olivella grooved rectangular beads in the Far West. J. Calif. Gt. Basin Anthropol. 38, 241–252 (2018).
Hughes, R. E. Obsidian studies in California archaeology. Quat. Int. 482, 67–82 (2018).
Reimer, P. J. et al. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725–757 (2020).
Heaton, T. J. et al. Marine20—the marine radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55,000 cal BP). Radiocarbon 62, 779–820 (2020).
Hendy, I. et al. Resolving varve and radiocarbon chronology differences during the last 2000 years in the Santa Barbara Basin sedimentary record, California. Quat. Int. 310, 155–168 (2013).
Nakatsuka, N. et al. Ancient genomes in South Patagonia reveal population movements associated with technological shifts and geography. Nat. Commun. 11, 3868 (2020).
Dabney, J. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15758–15763 (2013).
Korlevic, P. et al. Reducing microbial and human contamination in DNA extractions from ancient bones and teeth. BioTechniques 59, 87–93 (2015).
Sirak, K. A. et al. A minimally-invasive method for sampling human petrous bones from the cranial base for ancient DNA analysis. BioTechniques 62, 283–289 (2017).
Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil-DNA-glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 370, 20130624 (2015).
DeAngelis, M. M., Wang, D. G. & Hawkins, T. L. Solid-phase reversible immobilization for the isolation of PCR products. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 4742–4743 (1995).
Rohland, N. & Reich, D. Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture. Genome Res. 22, 939–946 (2012).
Maricic, T., Whitten, M. & Paabo, S. Multiplexed DNA sequence capture of mitochondrial genomes using PCR products. PLoS ONE 5, e14004 (2010).
Fu, Q. et al. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216–219 (2015).
Mathieson, I. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499–503 (2015).
Haak, W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015).
Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows–Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 26, 589–595 (2010).
Fu, Q. et al. A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes. Curr. Biol. 23, 553–559 (2013).
Korneliussen, T. S., Albrechtsen, A. & Nielsen, R. ANGSD: analysis of next generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 15, 356 (2014).
Nakatsuka, N. et al. ContamLD: estimation of ancient nuclear DNA contamination using breakdown of linkage disequilibrium. Genome Biol. 21, 199 (2020).
Kennett, D. J. et al. Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty. Nat. Commun. 8, 14115 (2017).
Lazaridis, I. et al. The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science 377, eabm4247 (2022).
Chang, C. C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 4, 7 (2015).
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J. & Lange, K. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Res. 19, 1655–1664 (2009).
Felsenstein, J. PHYLIP—phylogeny inference package (Version 3.2). Cladistics 5, 164–166 (1989).
Letunic, I. & Bork, P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, W293–W296 (2021).
Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Reich, D. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).
Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Singh, L. Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature 461, 489–494 (2009).
Skoglund, P. et al. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature 525, 104–108 (2015).
Lindo, J. et al. The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7000 years BP though European contact. Sci. Adv. 4, eaau4921 (2018).
Mallick, S. et al. The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations. Nature 538, 201–206 (2016).
Ringbauer, H., Novembre, J. & Steinrücken, M. Parental relatedness through time revealed by runs of homozygosity in ancient DNA. Nat. Commun. 12, 5425 (2021).
Liu, Y.-C. et al. Ancient DNA reveals five streams of migration into Micronesia and matrilocality in early Pacific seafarers. Science 377, 72–79 (2022).
Pebesma, E. J. Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. R J. 10, 439 (2018).
Massicotte, P., South, A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth. R package version 0.3.2 (2023).
Wickham, H. & Wickham, H. Data Analysis (Springer, 2016).
Slowikowski, K. et al. ggrepel: Automatically Position Non-overlapping Text Labels with ‘ggplot2’. R package version 4.3.1 (2018).
Nychka, D., Furrer, R., Paige, J. & Sain, S. fields: Tools for Spatial Data. R package version 9, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6W957CT (2017).
Raghavan, M. et al. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87–91 (2014).
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge and thank the ancient individuals whose remains were analysed in this study, and the present-day Indigenous communities who supported this study and provided cultural contextualization that we sought to reflect in the final paper, particularly representatives from the Chumash, Tongva, Ohlone and Esselen groups; staff at the Consejo de Arqueología and the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia for the permits and facilities granted for the study of the samples from Mexico; expert linguists J. Yee (member of the Barbareño Chumash tribe), L. Campbell, M. Mithun, M. Walworth, J. W. Powell, P. Munro and D. Shaul for their comments and suggestions regarding how best to discuss the implications of our genetic results for linguistic debates; H. Ringbauer for advice on the ROH analyses; I. Lazaridis for determining Y chromosome haplogroups; M. Armenta, I. Lazaridis, M. Lipson, I. Olalde and N. Patterson for critical comments and helpful discussions; N. Adamski, R. Bernardos, M. Ferry, G. Fisher, I. Greenslade, K. Mable, K. Stewardson, Z. Zhang, staff at the American Museum of Natural History and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology for support with wet laboratory work or bioinformatics or sample management; and archaeologist G. S. Breschini, who would have been an author on this paper had he not passed away in 2018. Support for analysis of DNA from ancient individuals from Monterey County was provided by the late E. Rodriguez (Most Likely Descendant; Rumsen tribe) and provided for this study by the late G. Breschini. N.N. was supported by a National Institutes of General Medical Sciences fellowship. The PIPANOM Project, sampling individuals from Northern Mexico, was supported by a grant from the National Geographic Society to J.L.P.D. The ancient DNA data collection and statistical analyses were supported by a grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01-HG012287), the John Templeton Foundation (grant 61220), by a private gift from Jean-Francois Clin, by the Allen Discovery Center programme, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised programme of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, and by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.R.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
N.N. performed population genetics analyses. N.N., B.H., J.S., P.E.L., J.C., C.G.-M., D.M., J.M.-R., A.P.-M., V.T., M.E.V.-C., A.V.H., J.L.P.D., J.R.J. and D.R. interpreted the data. J.S., P.E.L., J.C., C.G.-M., D.M., J.M.-R., A.P.-M., V.T., M.E.V.-C., A.V.H., J.L.P.D. and J.R.J. collected and described archaeological material and site contexts. K.C., E.C., A.K., L.I., A.M.L., M.M., J.N.W., J.O., L.Q., F.Z. and N.R. performed or supervised sample preparations. N.R. and A.M.L. generated genetic data. N.N., J.R.J., J.L.P.D., J.R.J. and D.R. conceived the study. T.K.H. and B.J.C. performed or supervised accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating analyses and marine correction. N.R., S.M., M. Mah, A.M. and D.R. performed bioinformatics analyses. N.N., B.H., J.S., J.L.P.D., J.R.J. and D.R. wrote the paper with the assistance of the other co-authors. J.R.J. and D.R. directed the study together.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Peer review
Peer review information
Nature thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 ADMIXTURE plot at different K values.
Purple=Central California, red=Southern California mainland, dark red=Northern Channel Islands, orange=Southern Channel Islands and nearby mainland, light blue=Baja California, blue=Mexico excluding Baja California.
Extended Data Fig. 2 MDS plot of groups created using a matrix of inverted outgroup-f3 statistics (distances = 1-f3(Mbuti; Group1, Group2)).
Purple=Central California, red=Southern California mainland, dark red=Northern Channel Islands, orange=Southern Channel Islands and nearby mainland, light blue=Baja California, blue=Mexico excluding Baja California.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Heatmap of pairwise FST.
FST between groups was estimated using smartpca. Only groups with at least 2 individuals of greater than 100,000 SNP coverage were used. Heatmap and dendrogram were created in R with symm=T. Supplementary Data File 3 shows FST values. Purple=Central California, red=Southern California mainland, dark red=Northern Channel Islands, orange=Southern Channel Islands and nearby mainland, light blue=Baja California, blue=Mexico excluding Baja California.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Map of statistics of the form f4(Mbuti, Test; USA-CA_Carmel_600BP, USA-CA_PacificGrove_5200BP).
Dots in red show greater genetic affinity to PacificGrove_5200BP relative to Carmel_600BP, while dots in black and blue have greater affinity to Carmel_600BP. Points are jittered to allow better visualization. Figure is generated with open source data and software in R with ggplot2 and the ‘fields’ and ‘RcolorBrewer’ libraries.
Extended Data Fig. 5 Admixture graphs.
A) Example admixture graph testing for attraction to Canada_Lucier_4800-500 BP. This graph fits with a maximum |Z-score| of 2.81. We tested all subsequent graphs replacing CA_Ojai_1400BP with another ancient California group (Supplementary Data File 4). B) Admixture graph consistent with relationships between ancient California and Mexico groups. This graph fits with a maximum |Z-score| of 2.98. All graphs we explore require a lineage more basal than that of Chile_LosRieles_12000 BP to fit the Mexico individuals, although we caution that the total space of admixture graph topologies is too large to explore exhaustively so we are making no claim that these particular graphs are correct (only that they are plausible and not ruled out by the data). The basal ancestry into Canada_Lucier_4800-500 BP is present to account for known European contamination.
Extended Data Fig. 6 ROH in California and Mexico.
A) Average rate of ROH segments in different length bins after filtering out individuals with a sum of ROH segments of ≥20 cM of 100 cM or more and B) after filtering out individuals using a lower stringency threshold of 50 cM or more. Points with no ROH fragments present in those bins were filtered out. C) Average rate of ROH segments in different length bins after filtering out individuals over 1600 BP and D) after filtering out individuals with summed 20 cM over 100 cM or E) over 50 cM. F) ROH over time where each data point represents the average sum of ROH between 4–20 cM of individuals in a bin of its corresponding time-period (8000-6000 BP, 6000-4000 BP, 4000-1500 BP, and <1500 BP); the number of individuals for each of these time bins is (0,1,1,10) for Central California, (2,2,2,12) for Southern California Mainland, (3,0,4,7) for Northern Channel Islands, (0,2,3,9) for Southern Channel Islands), and (0,0,3,23) for Mexico. G) ROH over time after filtering out individuals with a sum of ROH segments of ≥20 cM of 100 cM or more; the number of individuals for each of these time bins is (0,1,1,10) for Central California, (2,2,2,12) for Southern California Mainland, (2,0,2,7) for Northern Channel Islands, (0,0,2,8) for Southern Channel Islands), and (0,0,3,22) for Mexico. H) ROH over time after filtering out individuals with a sum of ROH segments of ≥20 cM of 50 cM or more; the number of individuals for each of these time bins is (0,1,1,9) for Central California, (1,2,1,11) for Southern California Mainland, (1,0,1,7) for Northern Channel Islands, (0,0,1,7) for Southern Channel Islands), and (0,0,3,21) for Mexico. For all figures, data are presented as mean values ± 1 standard error (no standard errors are presented for points with fewer than 3 individuals).
Extended Data Fig. 7 Conditional heterozygosity of groups.
Ancient Californian, Mexican, Peruvian, Brazilian, Caribbean, and Patagonian groups and present-day Mexican, Brazilian and Peruvian groups are shown. Only groups with at least 2 individuals could be included in these analyses.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Data 1
(A) Meta-data about individuals newly sequenced or previously published from California or Northwest Mexico. (B) Technical information on each ancient DNA library built for all samples newly sequenced in this study as well as failed samples. (C) Meta-data of individuals previously published from other world regions that we co-analysed with those from California and Northwest Mexico.
Supplementary Data 2
qpWave, showing genetic homogeneity within groups.
Supplementary Data 3
FST between different groups.
Supplementary Data 4
f4 results as tests of admixture and qpgraph worst-fit Z-scores.
Supplementary Data 5
qpAdm estimates of ancestry.
Supplementary Data 6
qpWave analyses of migration into the Andes.
Supplementary Data 7
Inferred Ne from ROHs.
Supplementary Data 8
Frequently asked questions document prepared for Indigenous community members and others about the paper.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nakatsuka, N., Holguin, B., Sedig, J. et al. Genetic continuity and change among the Indigenous peoples of California. Nature 624, 122–129 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06771-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06771-5
This article is cited by
-
Ancient DNA uncovers past migrations in California
Nature (2023)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
