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Habitat and climate influence hybridization among three genetically distinct Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes in an avian hybrid zone complex

Heredity volume 131, pages 361–373 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Examining the frequency and distribution of hybrids across contact zones provide insights into the factors mediating hybridization. In this study, we examined the effect of habitat and climate on hybridization patterns for three phenotypically, genetically, and ecologically distinct groups of the Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) in a secondary contact zone in western North America. Additionally, we tested whether the frequency of hybridization involving the three groups (referred to as Boreal, Pacific and Rocky Mountain morphotypes) is similar across the hybrid zones or whether some pairs have hybridized more frequently than others. We reanalyzed microsatellite, mtDNA and plumage data, and new microsatellite and plumage data for 526 individuals to identify putative genetic and phenotypic hybrids. The genetically and phenotypically distinct groups are associated with different habitats and occupy distinct climate niches across the contact zone. Most putative genetic hybrids (86%) had Rocky Mountain ancestry. Hybrids were observed most commonly in intermediate climate niches and in habitats where Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) overlaps broadly with boreal and subalpine tree species. Our finding that hybrids occupy intermediate climate niches relative to parental morphotypes matches patterns for other plant and animal species found in this region. This study demonstrates how habitat and climate influence hybridization patterns in areas of secondary contact and adds to the growing body of research on tri-species hybrid zones.

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Fig. 1: Sketches show the plumage differences of the three Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes (Boreal, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific) and the key tree species they are associated with (illustrations by Howard Coneybeare).
Fig. 2: Statistical parsimony network showing the relationship between the three Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes and putative phenotypic hybrids (intergrades) for 190 individuals using a 506 bp fragment of the mtDNA control region.
Fig. 3: Histogram showing genetic assignment of the three Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes (Boreal, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific) and putative phenotypic hybrids (referred to as intergrade morphotypes) using mtDNA (mt), GENODIVE (HI) and Structure (Q).
Fig. 4: Summary figure showing the distribution of Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) phenotypes and genotypes across forest types.
Fig. 5: Summary figure showing the distribution of Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) phenotypes and genotypes across an environmental gradient.
Fig. 6: Violin plots examining the relationship between environmental variation and phenotypic and genetic variation.
Fig. 7: Box plots of hybrid index scores for Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) Boreal and Pacific morphotypes in the presence and absence of Engelmann spruce.

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Data availability

All data have been archived in the Dryad Digital Repository https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vmcvdnd05.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all of the field assistants and graduate students that assisted with field sample collection, and Quinn McCallum and Fei Ying who helped with data collection for the museum samples. We thank the Burke Museum, American Museum of Natural History, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Royal Alberta Museum, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, Royal British Columbia Museum, Royal Ontario Museum and Canadian Museum of Nature for tissue and specimen loans.

Funding

This work was funded by NSERC Discovery and Alberta Innovates grants (TMB). All methods and procedures were approved by the University of Lethbridge Animal Welfare Committee (#1901).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada

    B. A. Graham & T. M. Burg

  2. Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    I. Szabo

  3. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3160, USA

    C. Cicero

  4. 1063 Oxtongue Lake Road, Dwight, ON, P0A 1H0, Canada

    D. Strickland

  5. 1221 23rd Avenue SW, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 0A9, Canada

    J. Woods

  6. 5210 Frederick Road, Armstrong, BC, V0E 1B4, Canada

    H. Coneybeare

  7. Canadian Wildlife Services, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada

    K. M. Dohms

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Contributions

BAG collected samples from the field, collected data from museum skins, genotyped samples, analyzed all the data, and wrote and edited the manuscript. IS collected data from museum skins and edited the manuscript. CC collected samples from the field, collected data from museum skins, and edited the manuscript. DS collected data from museum skins and edited the manuscript. JW collected data from museum skins and edited the manuscript. HC drew the sketches of Canada Jay and tree species featured in the figures, collected data from museum skins, and edited the paper. KMD collected samples from the field, genotyped samples, and edited the manuscript. TMB collected samples from the field, collected data from museum skins, assisted with the writing of the manuscript, edited the manuscript, and was responsible for securing funding for the project.

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Correspondence to B. A. Graham.

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Habitat and climate influence hybridization among three genetically distinct Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes in an avian hybrid zone complex

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Graham, B.A., Szabo, I., Cicero, C. et al. Habitat and climate influence hybridization among three genetically distinct Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis) morphotypes in an avian hybrid zone complex. Heredity 131, 361–373 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-023-00652-3

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