●Immunology: Another toll road. Yeh, W. C. & Chen, N. J. Nature 14 August (2003) This News & Views article discusses recent work on a new adaptor protein known as TRIF or TICAM1 that is thought to be involved in the production of interferon-β by MYD88-independent signalling through TLR3 and TLR4.

●Origin of chromosome changes in childhood leukaemia. Greaves, M. & Wiemels, J. Nature Reviews Cancer September (2003) This review article looks at the mechanism, location and timing of the chromosome translocations that promote leukaemogenesis.

●Adoptive-cell-transfer therapy for the treatment of patients with cancer. Dudley, M. E. & Rosenberg, S. A. Nature Reviews Cancer September (2003) This review article describes studies of immunotherapy for metastatic tumours using T cells specific for tumour antigens that are clonally expanded and activated ex vivo

●Anti-TNF-α therapies: the next generation. Palladino, M. A., Bahjat, F. R., Theodorakis, E. & Moldawer, L. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery September (2003)

●Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccines and adjuvants. O'Hagan, D. T. & Valiante, N. M. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery September (2003)

●ComPLEXIN new targets for CIITA. Reith, W. Nature Immunology September (2003) The discovery that the semaphorin receptor plexin-A1 is expressed by mature dendritic cells, dependent on the MHC class II transcriptional activator (CIITA), and is required for efficient T-cell activation, furthers our understanding of similarities in intercellular communication between the nervous and immune systems, as discussed in this News & Views piece.

●Calcium-independent calcineurin regulation. Parry, R. V. & June, C. H. Nature Immunology September (2003) Calcineurin is a calcium-responsive enzyme that dephosphorylates NFAT, leading to its nuclear translocation and transcriptional regulation. New work using calpressin-1-deficient mice has show that calpressins inhibit calcineurin activity and are required for the survival of T helper 1 cells.