Many deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) have been prevented in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), largely by following evidence-based guidelines and broader application of primary and secondary CHD prevention strategies. Statins, beta blockers, aspirin and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors have demonstrated this effect in various clinical settings. Several large studies indicated, however, that such strategies prevent (at best) approximately a third of CHD events. Despite optimal contemporary treatment, many patients with DM remain at high residual risk of CHD. Who are these patients? What are their clinical characteristics? What are the mechanisms? Are there novel treatments?
The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study1—a secondary CHD prevention trial—randomly assigned patients for either daily simvastatin (40 mg) or placebo. Total mortality in simvastatin-treated patients was reduced by 43% among diabetic patients compared to 29% in patients without diabetes; however, 22.9% of diabetic patients on simvastatin experienced death or fatal myocardial infarction.
The Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study2 investigated the effectiveness of atorvastatin (10 mg daily) versus placebo for prevention of major cardiovascular events in 2,838 diabetic patients. Patients on atorvastatin experienced a 37% reduction in acute CHD events, coronary revascularization, or stroke; however, 9.4% of these patients had cardiac events.
The Treating to New Targets3 investigators evaluated the effect of atorvastatin therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with CHD with or without metabolic syndrome or DM. After a median follow-up of 4.9 years, there was a 29% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events in those treated with 80 mg atorvastatin daily. Despite this benefit, 9.5% of these patients had a major cardiovascular adverse event and 30.9% had a minor cardiovascular event.
Obviously, obesity and insulin resistance should be additional targets for aggressive intervention
The PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study4 assessed the risk of recurrent myocardial events and the relationship between LDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in statin-treated patients with acute coronary syndromes. Fewer statin-treated patients with LDL levels below 70 mg/dl had myocardial events compared with patients with LDL over 70 mg/dl; however, the group with LDL below 70 mg/dl but CRP over 2.0 mg/dl remained at an increased risk of CHD. CRP above 2.0 mg/dl was associated with features of obesity and insulin resistance, such as a high BMI, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, high fasting glucose, and hypertension. This study demonstrates that, despite contemporary and aggressive secondary prevention with statins, features of insulin resistance might account for most of the high residual risk of CHD. Obviously, obesity and insulin resistance should be additional targets for aggressive intervention. Weight loss and exercise is an 'age-old' treatment that accomplishes the required goals, but is hard to initiate and maintain in the majority of patients.
New pharmacologic approaches are on the horizon that offer some hope. The cannabinoid receptor 1 blocker5 rimonabant can reduce obesity and favorably influence a number of metabolic variables, including glucose tolerance, triglycerides, HDL, CRP and adiponectin. Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists (that target insulin resistance) might also offer some promise to reduce the risk of CHD in diabetic patients, as these agents demonstrate some anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic properties.
Despite effective existing therapies, patients with diabetes and insulin-resistance syndromes still have considerable residual risk for CHD. We must continue to emphasize lifestyle intervention to reduce CHD, but also evaluate new pharmacologic strategies in these high-risk patients. We await more clinical trials to see if such strategies live up to our expectations. Supplementary references
References
Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. (1994) Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344: 1383–1389
Colhoun HM et al. (2004) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364: 685–696
Deedwania P et al. (2006) Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet 368: 919–928
Ray KK et al. (2005) Relationship between uncontrolled risk factors and C-reactive protein levels in patients receiving standard or intensive statin therapy for acute coronary syndromes in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 1417–1424
Pi-Sunyer FX et al. (2006) Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients: RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295: 761–775
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Nesto, R., Singh, P. Diabetes and residual risk of coronary heart disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 3, 71 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0398
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0398