Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review
  • Published:

Manufacturing genetically modified T cells for clinical trials

Subjects

Abstract

Compliance with Food and Drug Administration regulations relating to initiating early phase clinical trials of new cellular therapy products often presents a hurdle to new investigators. One of the biggest obstacles is the requirement to manufacture the therapeutic products under current Good Manufacturing Practices—a system that is usually poorly understood by both basic researchers and clinicians. This article reviews the major points that must be addressed when manufacturing genetically modified T cells for therapeutic use.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kakarla S, Gottschalk S . CAR T cells for solid tumors: armed and ready to go? Cancer J 2014; 20: 151–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jena B, Moyes JS, Huls H, Cooper LJ . Driving CAR-based T-cell therapy to success. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2014; 9: 50–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Guidance for Human Somatic Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy. March 1998. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/ucm081670.pdf.

  4. Human Cells, Tissues and Cellular and Tissue-based Products. Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1271. 2014.

  5. Current Good Manufacturing Practices in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing or Holding of Drugs. Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 210 and 211. 2014.

  6. Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors: Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Somatic Cell Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs). 2008http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Xenotransplantation/ucm074131.htm.

  7. Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors: Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Gene Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs). 2008http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Xenotransplantation/ucm092705.pdf.

  8. Considerations for the Design of Early-Phase Clinical Trials of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products. 2013http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/UCM359073.pdf.

  9. cGMP for Phase 1 Investigational Drugs. 2008 http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM070273.pdf.

  10. Schambach A, Zychlinski D, Ehrnstroem B, Baum C . Biosafety features of lentiviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24: 132–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Anson DA . The use of retroviral vectors for gene therapy – what are the risks? Genet Vaccines 2004; 2: 9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Singh H, Huls H, Kebriaei P, Cooper LJN . A new approach to gene therapy using sleeping beauty to genetically modify clinical-grade T cells to target CD19. Immunol Rev 2014; 257: 181–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Segura MM, Garnier A, Durocher Y, Coelho H, Kamen A . Production of lentiviral vectors by large-scale transient transfection of suspension cultures and affinity chromatography purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98: 789–799.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Eligibility Determination for Donors of Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products. 2007http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/CellularandGeneTherapy/ucm072929.htm.

  15. Tanimoto K, Muranski P, Miner S, Fujiwara H, Kajigaya S, Keyvanfar K et al. Genetically engineered fixed K562 cells: potent “off-the-shelf” antigen-presenting cells for generating virus-specific T cells. Cytotherapy 2014; 16: 135–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Process validation: General Principles and Practice. 2011http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM070336.pdf.

  17. Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products. 2011http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Xenotransplantation/ucm074131.htm.

  18. IND Meetings for Human Drugs and Biologics. 2001http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM070568.pdf.

  19. Changes to an Approved Application: Biological Products: Human Blood and Blood Components Intended for Transfusion or for Further Manufacture. 2014http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/ucm062891.pdf.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Heart Lung and Blood contract ‘Production Assistance for Cellular Therapy’ Contract # HHSN26820100007C, by Grant RP130256 ‘Texas Assistance for Cancer Cell Therapy (TACCT)’ from Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, and by Grant 7001-14 ‘Immunotherapy for Hematologic Malignancies’ from the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of America.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A P Gee.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gee, A. Manufacturing genetically modified T cells for clinical trials. Cancer Gene Ther 22, 67–71 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/cgt.2014.71

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cgt.2014.71

Search

Quick links