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Human U251MG glioma cells expressing the membrane form of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mM-CSF) are killed by human monocytes in vitro and are rejected within immunodeficient mice via paraptosis that is associated with increased expression of three different heat shock proteins

Cancer Gene Therapy volume 10, pages 411–420 (2003)Cite this article

Abstract

Human U251MG glioma cells retrovirally transduced with the human gene for the membrane form of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mM-CSF) were investigated. The clones, MG-2F11 and MG-2C4, that expressed the most mM-CSF, but not the viral vector or the parental U251MG cells, were killed by both murine and human monocyte/macrophages in cytotoxicity assays. MG-2F11 cells failed to form subcutaneous tumors in either nude or NIH-bg-nu-xidBR mice, while mice inoculated with the U251MG viral vector (MG-VV) cells developed tumors. Electron microscopy studies showed that 4 hours after subcutaneous injection, the mM-CSF-transduced cells began dying of a process that resembled paraptosis. The dying tumor cells were swollen and had extensive vacuolization of their mitochondria and endoplasm reticulum. This killing process was complete within 24 hours. Macrophage-like cells were immediately adjacent to the killed MG-2F11 cells. Immunohistological staining for the heat shock proteins HSP60, HSP70 and GRP94 (gp96) showed that 18 hours after inoculation into nude mice, the MG-2F11 injection site was two to four times more intensely stained than the MG-VV cells. This study shows that human gliomas transduced with mM-CSF have the potential to be used as a safe live tumor cell vaccine.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded in part from grants obtained from the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (HTW, MRJ) and the NIH Grant CA77802 R01 (MRJ) and the Avon Breast Cancer Foundation via the University of California at Irvine Cancer Research Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic and Molecular Medicine, Box 151 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5901 E. 7th Street, Long Beach, 90822, California, USA

    Martin R Jadus, Yijun Chen, Mehrdokht Tarbiyat Boldaji, Christina Delgado, Ramon Sanchez, Usama Al-Atar, Cheri Lloyd & H Terry Wepsic

  2. Pathology Department, University of California, Irvine, 92697, California, USA

    Martin R Jadus, Yijun Chen, Mehrdokht Tarbiyat Boldaji, Usama Al-Atar, Cheri Lloyd & H Terry Wepsic

  3. Biological Sciences Department, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, 90840, California, USA

    Christina Delgado, Ramon Sanchez & Thomas Douglass

  4. Immunology Department, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, 90033, California, USA

    William Schulz

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  1. Martin R Jadus
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Correspondence to Martin R Jadus.

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Jadus, M., Chen, Y., Boldaji, M. et al. Human U251MG glioma cells expressing the membrane form of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mM-CSF) are killed by human monocytes in vitro and are rejected within immunodeficient mice via paraptosis that is associated with increased expression of three different heat shock proteins. Cancer Gene Ther 10, 411–420 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7700583

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