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Volume 9 Issue 2, February 2003

The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes hinges upon destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. On page 198, Winer et al. show that the peri-islet Schwann cells, elements of the nervous system, are targets of auto-reactive T- and B-cell responses early in disease in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Represented on the cover are various stages of NOD pancreatic islet destruction (left, intact; bottom right, peri-insulitis; top, collapsed or destroyed). These include insulin-positive β-cells (red); Schwann cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (blue); and CD3+ T cells (green). Magnification is x400-800.

Volume 9 Issue 2

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  • Nervous system cells surrounding insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed early in the development type 1 diabetes, reveals a new study. The findings broaden our ideas of the disease process and may lead to new prediagnostic markers and therapies (pages 198–205).

    • Daniel L. Kaufman
    News & Views

  • As the major activator of HIV transcription, Tat drives viral gene expression. Now, it seems that in dendritic cells Tat also regulates the expression of chemokines that promote lymphocyte and monocyte migration. By recruiting susceptible host cells to infected dendritic cells, Tat may facilitate HIV dissemination (pages 191–197).

    • Mario Stevenson
    News & Views

  • Efficiently defending a host from repeat invasions by the same pathogen requires a lasting B-cell response. The identification of a molecule that keeps B cells prepared may help to explain some immune disorders and lead to improved vaccines.

    • Raymond M. Welsh
    • Susan E. Stepp
    • Eva Szomolanyi-Tsuda
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  • Mixing lymph and blood in the vascular system can have dramatic effects on health, but how these two systems remain separate has been unclear. Now, it seems that two signaling molecules expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells segregate lymphatic and blood vessels during development and tissue revascularization.

    • Shahin Rafii
    • Mihaela Skobe
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  • New data implicate the LXRs, a class of nuclear hormone receptors, in reducing inflammation. When activated, these receptors ease inflammation in three mouse models. The results are relevant to atherosclerosis, Alzheimer disease, sepsis and other inflammatory disorders (pages 213–219).

    • Mason W. Freeman
    • Kathryn J. Moore
    News & Views

  • Staying awake and alert requires hypothalamic neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter hypocretin, also called orexin. A new study shows that feedback loops of hypocretin and glutamate neurons orchestrate the neuronal output that regulates arousal.

    • Göran Hajak
    • Peter Geisler
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    • Kristine Novak
    • Stacie Grossman
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