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Inner ear stem cells triple-stained for the hair cell markers espin (beige) and F-actin (purple) and for pan-cytokeratin (orange), which labels inner ear supporting cells. On page 1293 of this issue, Li et al. identified cells from adult utricular sensory epithelium that have the capacity for self-renewal and are pluripotent, characteristic of stem cells. Shown are hair cell-like cells situated between larger cells expressing the supporting cell marker pan-cytokeratin. Differentiation of these stem cells into hair cell-like cells may impact future development of new therapies for the treatment of deafness.
The only constant in Tak Mak's career has been change. After jumping from a Jesuit seminary to engineering, to immunology and genetics, the scientific vagabond says he has finally found his true passion.
During pregnancy, tryptophan degradation in the placenta protects a growing fetus from attack by T cells. Tumor cells are now shown to exploit this unusual system to prevent rejection by tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (pages 1269–1274).
A frenzied bout of evolution occurs every flu season, as viruses test the limits of the human immune system. Variants that can evade attack by cytotoxic T cells gain a firm foothold in the viral population even if they confer an advantage in a low percentage of human hosts. A new mathematical model examines this unusual dynamic.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has not responded well in clinical trials to what initially seemed a promising therapy—the administration of neuronal growth and survival factors. Now, a gene therapy-based approach in mice revives hope that proper delivery of such factors can slow the disease's course.
Robust regeneration of hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance in the ear, occurs in most vertebrates, with the exception of mammals. Now, the identification of stem cells in the mouse inner ear that can give rise to hair cells raises the prospect of inducing regeneration in mammals as well (pages 1293–1299).
Antibodies to the CD40 ligand have modulated the immune system in animal experiments and in human clinical trials. Assumptions about how these antibodies work are now reexamined (pages 1275–1280).
A polymorphism present in about half the general population can predispose to heart failure as well as enhance responsiveness to β-blockers. The mechanism for this is now being revealed (pages 1300–1305).
Viruses need cellular proteins to help them escape from cells. New results show that HIV and other viruses use the cellular machinery that normally delivers proteins to late endosomes and lysosomes.