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Electron micrograph of an islet of Langerhans cell in the mammalian pancreas. The red spots in white spaces are membrane-bound secretory granules containing insulin and glucagons. Two papers in this issue (pages 183 and 191) explore the relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance. SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Viagra operates by increasing the levels of cGMP in target cells. This same mechanism underlies a newly discovered action of the drug in mouse hearts: counteracting hypertrophy (pages 214–222).
Knocking out a stress hormone receptor in the forebrain of mice generates symptoms of depression, which are alleviated by the antidepressant imipramine. The findings begin to unravel the intricate relationship between stress and depression.
The ACE enzyme, a target of blood pressure medications, now gains a new function in mice. The enzyme cleaves proteins linked to the cell membrane by GPI linkages, an activity required for fertilization (pages 160–166).
Autoimmune disease is set in motion by certain triggers, one of which now comes to light in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Signaling through Toll-like receptors, known for receiving signals from viruses and bacteria, initiates the disease (pages 138–145).
One in 50 African-Americans have nonsense mutations in a gene that regulates cholesterol levels, PCSK9, accounting for a substantial lowering of blood LDL-cholesterol.
The phosphatase SHIP2 has been the focus of drug development efforts for diabetes. This distinction is based in part on work suggesting that the molecule is central to the regulation of glucose levels in tissues and blood. An analysis of a SHIP2 knockout mouse changes this viewpoint and provides new directions for therapeutic intervention (pages 199–205).