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Three recent papers in Nature describe ICOS-deficient mice. ICOS is necessary for normal antibody responses and may be protective against autoimmunity.
Secretion of IFN-γ by T cells is usually the result of antigen stimulation. However, a newly identified GADD45β pathway can implement IFN-γ production after exposure to cytokines IL-18 and IL-12 without need of antigen.
The proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells is regulated by BMP-4 and Shh. These factors collaborate with cytokines in the bone marrow to create an environment that maintains stem cell homeostasis
Chemokines orchestrate the migration of cells that bear appropriate receptors. Here Nature Immunologychronicles progress in chemokine research, an area that has exploded in the last 10 years.
