The final push? - p445

doi:10.1038/ni0509-445

Over 20 years ago, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched. Today, polio is still endemic in four countries.

Full Text - The final push? | PDF (187 KB) - The final push?

Aimez-vous Brahms? A story capriccioso from the discovery of a cytokine family and its regulators - pp447 - 449

Tadatsugu Taniguchi

doi:10.1038/ni0509-447

Do you delight in Brahms? Do you delight in immunology? Tada Taniguchi recounts the story of Type 1 interferon and its downstream regulators.

Full Text - Aimez-vous Brahms? A story capriccioso from the discovery of a cytokine family and its regulators | PDF (303 KB) - Aimez-vous Brahms? A story capriccioso from the discovery of a cytokine family and its regulators

Local advantage: skin DCs prime; skin memory T cells protect - pp451 - 453

Akiko Iwasaki

doi:10.1038/ni0509-451

How the immune system responds to local infection and establishes protective immunity in susceptible tissues remains unclear. Two new studies show that local tissue-resident dendritic cells prime cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and that memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes remain in the tissue to provide antiviral immunity.

Full Text - Local advantage: skin DCs prime; skin memory T cells protect | PDF (1,957 KB) - Local advantage: skin DCs prime; skin memory T cells protect

See also: Article by Bedoui et al. | Article by Gebhardt et al.

Gaining entry to an uninflamed brain - pp453 - 455

Robert C Axtell & Lawrence Steinman

doi:10.1038/ni0509-453

Little is known about how pathogenic T cells gain access to the uninflamed brain in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A new study reports that interleukin 17–producing T helper cells enter the uninflamed central nervous system through the choroid plexus by a CCR6-CCL20–dependent mechanism.

Full Text - Gaining entry to an uninflamed brain | PDF (4,065 KB) - Gaining entry to an uninflamed brain

See also: Article by Reboldi et al.

Crohn's disease-associated Nod2 mutants reduce IL10 transcription - pp455 - 457

Dana J Philpott & Stephen E Girardin

doi:10.1038/ni0509-455

The 3020insC mutation in Nod2 is associated with Crohn's disease, but how it influences disease pathogenesis is unknown. A new study shows that the 3020insC mutant protein fails to activate a key transcription factor that drives interleukin 10 expression, resulting in reduced production of this anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Full Text - Crohn's disease-associated Nod2 mutants reduce IL10 transcription | PDF (996 KB) - Crohn's disease-associated Nod2 mutants reduce IL10 transcription

See also: Article by Noguchi et al.

The Foxo and the hound: chasing the in vivo regulation of T cell populations during infection - pp457 - 458

Elia D Tait & Christopher A Hunter

doi:10.1038/ni0509-457

T cell expansion and contraction during the immune response to pathogens are regulated by a wide variety of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. A new study identifies a role for CTLA-4 signaling and activation of the Foxo3 transcription factor in modulating T cell populations.

Full Text - The Foxo and the hound: chasing the in vivo regulation of T cell populations during infection | PDF (650 KB) - The Foxo and the hound: chasing the in vivo regulation of T cell populations during infection

See also: Article by Dejean et al.

Research Highlights - p459

doi:10.1038/ni0509-459

Full Text - Research Highlights | PDF (120 KB) - Research Highlights

Autophagy genes in immunity - pp461 - 470

Herbert W Virgin & Beth Levine

doi:10.1038/ni.1726

Abstract - | Full Text - Autophagy genes in immunity | PDF (1,478 KB) - Autophagy genes in immunity

A Crohn's disease–associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1 - pp471 - 479

Eiichiro Noguchi, Yoichiro Homma, Xiaoyan Kang, Mihai G Netea & Xiaojing Ma

doi:10.1038/ni.1722

Several NOD2 mutations are associated with a greater risk of Crohn's disease. Ma and colleagues show that the 3020insC Nod2 mutant actively suppresses IL10 transcription by interfering with phosphorylation of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hRNP-A1.

Abstract - | Full Text - A Crohn's disease–associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1 | PDF (620 KB) - A Crohn's disease–associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP-A1 | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Philpott & Girardin

Autophagy enhances the presentation of endogenous viral antigens on MHC class I molecules during HSV-1 infection - pp480 - 487

Luc English, Magali Chemali, Johanne Duron, Christiane Rondeau, Annie Laplante, Diane Gingras, Diane Alexander, David Leib, Christopher Norbury, Roger Lippé & Michel Desjardins

doi:10.1038/ni.1720

MHC class I presentation of viral peptides aids CD8⁺ T cell recognition of infected cells. Desjardins and colleagues describe an MHC class I viral peptide presentation pathway that integrates autophagosomes and proteasome-dependent processes.

Abstract - | Full Text - Autophagy enhances the presentation of endogenous viral antigens on MHC class I molecules during HSV-1 infection | PDF (893 KB) - Autophagy enhances the presentation of endogenous viral antigens on MHC class I molecules during HSV-1 infection | Supplementary information

Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived CD103⁺ dendritic cells - pp488 - 495

Sammy Bedoui, Paul G Whitney, Jason Waithman, Liv Eidsmo, Linda Wakim, Irina Caminschi, Rhys S Allan, Magdalena Wojtasiak, Ken Shortman, Francis R Carbone, Andrew G Brooks & William R Heath

doi:10.1038/ni.1724

The functions of individual dendritic cell subsets in the skin are unclear. Heath and colleagues now show that langerin-positive CD103⁺ dermal dendritic cells are the main migratory subtype able to cross-present antigen.

Abstract - | Full Text - Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived CD103+ dendritic cells | PDF (653 KB) - Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived CD103+ dendritic cells | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Iwasaki | Article by Gebhardt et al.

Divergent functions for airway epithelial matrix metalloproteinase 7 and retinoic acid in experimental asthma - pp496 - 503

Sangeeta Goswami, Pornpimon Angkasekwinai, Ming Shan, Kendra J Greenlee, Wade T Barranco, Sumanth Polikepahad, Alexander Seryshev, Li-zhen Song, David Redding, Bhupinder Singh, Sanjiv Sur, Prescott Woodruff, Chen Dong, David B Corry & Farrah Kheradmand

doi:10.1038/ni.1719

Inhaled allergens induce many changes in airway function. Kheradmand and colleagues show that matrix metalloproteinase 7 activates the cytokine interleukin 25 and inhibits retinoic acid–mediated induction of regulatory T cells, thereby heightening allergic responses.

Abstract - | Full Text - Divergent functions for airway epithelial matrix metalloproteinase 7 and retinoic acid in experimental asthma | PDF (894 KB) - Divergent functions for airway epithelial matrix metalloproteinase 7 and retinoic acid in experimental asthma | Supplementary information

Transcription factor Foxo3 controls the magnitude of T cell immune responses by modulating the function of dendritic cells - pp504 - 513

Anne S Dejean, Daniel R Beisner, Irene L Ch'en, Yann M Kerdiles, Anna Babour, Karen C Arden, Diego H Castrillon, Ronald A DePinho & Stephen M Hedrick

doi:10.1038/ni.1729

Foxo transcription factors influence a wide variety of cellular responses. Hedrick and colleagues show that dendritic cells express Foxo3 to suppress the production of interleukin 6 and prevent excessive accumulation of antigen-specific T cells.

Abstract - | Full Text - Transcription factor Foxo3 controls the magnitude of T cell immune responses by modulating the function of dendritic cells | PDF (1,516 KB) - Transcription factor Foxo3 controls the magnitude of T cell immune responses by modulating the function of dendritic cells | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Tait & Hunter

C-C chemokine receptor 6–regulated entry of T_H-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE - pp514 - 523

Andrea Reboldi, Caroline Coisne, Dirk Baumjohann, Federica Benvenuto, Denise Bottinelli, Sergio Lira, Antonio Uccelli, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Britta Engelhardt & Federica Sallusto

doi:10.1038/ni.1716

Whether T_H1 or T_H-17 cells initiate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is unclear. Sallusto and colleagues now show that CCR6⁺ T_H-17 lymphocytes initiate it by entering the brain through the choroid plexus.

Abstract - | Full Text - C-C chemokine receptor 6–regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE | PDF (867 KB) - C-C chemokine receptor 6–regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Axtell & Steinman

Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus - pp524 - 530

Thomas Gebhardt, Linda M Wakim, Liv Eidsmo, Patrick C Reading, William R Heath & Francis R Carbone

doi:10.1038/ni.1718

The relationship between peripheral and recirculating memory cells remains mostly undefined. Carbone and colleagues present evidence of tissue-resident memory T cells that can provide protective immunity at points of pathogen entry.

Abstract - | Full Text - Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus | PDF (658 KB) - Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Iwasaki | Article by Bedoui et al.

T cell antigen receptor signaling and immunological synapse stability require myosin IIA - pp531 - 539

Tal Ilani, Gaia Vasiliver-Shamis, Santosh Vardhana, Anthony Bretscher & Michael L Dustin

doi:10.1038/ni.1723

T cell antigen receptor signaling occurs in microclusters that coalesce into immune synapses. Bretscher and colleagues show that myosin IIA is required for directed microcluster movement and sustained T cell antigen receptor signaling.

Abstract - | Full Text - T cell antigen receptor signaling and immunological synapse stability require myosin IIA | PDF (861 KB) - T cell antigen receptor signaling and immunological synapse stability require myosin IIA | Supplementary information

HoxC4 binds to the promoter of the cytidine deaminase AID gene to induce AID expression, class-switch DNA recombination and somatic hypermutation - pp540 - 550

Seok-Rae Park, Hong Zan, Zsuzsanna Pal, Jinsong Zhang, Ahmed Al-Qahtani, Egest J Pone, Zhenming Xu, Thach Mai & Paolo Casali

doi:10.1038/ni.1725

The cytidine deaminase AID is required for antibody gene diversification. Casali and colleagues show that the transcription factor HoxC4 is expressed in germinal centers and is required for AID expression.

Abstract - | Full Text - HoxC4 binds to the promoter of the cytidine deaminase AID gene to induce AID expression, class-switch DNA recombination and somatic hypermutation | PDF (1,256 KB) - HoxC4 binds to the promoter of the cytidine deaminase AID gene to induce AID expression, class-switch DNA recombination and somatic hypermutation | Supplementary information

Corrigendum: ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance of hematopoiesis and suppression of interferon signaling - p551

Jochen C Hartner, Carl R Walkley, Jun Lu & Stuart H Orkin

doi:10.1038/ni0509-551a

Full Text - Corrigendum: ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance of hematopoiesis and suppression of interferon signaling | PDF (87 KB) - Corrigendum: ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance of hematopoiesis and suppression of interferon signaling

Erratum: IL-4 inhibits TGF--induced Foxp3⁺ T cells and, together with TGF-, generates IL-9⁺ Foxp3^- effector T cells - p551

Valérie Dardalhon, Amit Awasthi, Hyoung Kwon, George Galileos, Wenda Gao, Raymond A Sobel, Meike Mitsdoerffer, Terry B Strom, Wassim Elyaman, I-Cheng Ho, Samia Khoury, Mohamed Oukka & Vijay K Kuchroo

doi:10.1038/ni0509-551b

Full Text - Erratum: IL-4 inhibits TGF--induced Foxp3+ T cells and, together with TGF-, generates IL-9+ Foxp3- effector T cells | PDF (87 KB) - Erratum: IL-4 inhibits TGF--induced Foxp3+ T cells and, together with TGF-, generates IL-9+ Foxp3- effector T cells