Abstract
We report a salvage pathway in Gram-negative bacteria that bypasses de novo biosynthesis of UDP N-acetylmuramic acid (UDP-MurNAc), the first committed peptidoglycan precursor, and thus provides a rationale for intrinsic fosfomycin resistance. The anomeric sugar kinase AmgK and the MurNAc α-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase MurU, defining this new cell wall sugar-recycling route in Pseudomonas putida, were characterized and engineered into Escherichia coli, channeling external MurNAc directly to peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully thank B. Phillip (University of Münster), H.P. Schweizer (Colorado State University), S.P. Levy (Tufts University), A. Roth and C. Hauck (both from University of Konstanz), T. Jaeger and U. Jenal (both from Biozentrum, University of Basel) and F. Götz (University of Tübingen) for providing plasmids and bacterial strains and A. Friemel for implementing NMR studies. J.G. gratefully acknowledges a Dr. Marietta Lutze stipend from the Graduate School of Chemical Biology–University of Konstanz that was generously supported by the company Dr. Kade GmbH, Konstanz and Berlin. This work was further supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, MA2436/4 and SFB766/A15) and the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung (P-BWS-Glyko11).
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J.G. conducted most experiments and analyzed data. A.S. conducted the LC/MS experiments. B.N. isolated reaction products and analyzed the NMR data. M.B. conducted complementation studies. C.M. and J.G. conceived the experiments and wrote the paper.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Figures and Tables
Supplementary Results, Supplementary Figures 1–10, and Supplementary Tables 1–4 (PDF 6687 kb)
Supplementary Data Set 1
Distributions of cell wall recycling enzymes for all bacterial phyla (XLS 3099 kb)
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Gisin, J., Schneider, A., Nägele, B. et al. A cell wall recycling shortcut that bypasses peptidoglycan de novo biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 9, 491–493 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1289
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1289
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