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Impact of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding on infant metabolic programming: a prospective randomized controlled study

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 65, pages 10–19 (2011)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Objectives:

To evaluate the impact of maternal diet and intensive dietary counselling during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the infant's metabolic status.

Subjects/Methods:

At the first trimester of pregnancy, 256 women were randomized into a control/placebo group and two dietary counselling groups (diet/probiotics and diet/placebo). The counselling, with double-blind randomization to probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis) or placebo, targeted excessive saturated fat and low fibre consumption. Maternal diet was evaluated repeatedly during pregnancy and postpartum by means of 3 days’ food diaries. Metabolic markers, serum 32–33 split and intact proinsulin, leptin/adiponectin ratio, skinfold thickness and waist circumference were measured of 194 healthy infants at the age of 6 months, and the high levels were taken to mirror adverse metabolic status.

Results:

The proportion of infants with a high 32–33 split proinsulin was significantly lower in dietary counselling with probiotics (n=6/62, 9.7%) or placebo (n=7/69, 10.1%) compared with the control/placebo group (n=17/63, 27.0%). The high split proinsulin was associated with larger skinfold thickness, waist circumference and higher leptin/adiponectin ratio in the infants (P<0.05). With respect to maternal diet during pregnancy, the highest and lowest tertiles of fat intake increased the infant’s risk of high split proinsulin, whereas those of butter associated correspondingly with the infant's waist circumference. Further, breastfed infants showed a reduced risk of high split proinsulin and leptin/adiponectin ratio compared with formula-fed infants.

Conclusions:

Modification of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding may benefit infant metabolic health. High split proinsulin reflects adverse metabolic status in infancy, which can be improved by early dietary counselling.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge and Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory for proinsulin, leptin and adiponectin measurements, Dr Anu Huurre and Ms Ulla-Maija Eriksson for their contribution in contacting the study subjects, Ms Satu Leinonen for assistance in sample procedures and Mr Robert MacGilleon for revision of the English text. This study was supported by grants from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, the Juho Vainio Foundation (JA), the Varsinais-Suomi Regional Fund of the Finnish Cultural Foundation (JA) and the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (JA). Food products were donated by Raisio plc (Raisio, Finland), L. rhamnosus GG by Valio Ltd (Helsinki, Finland) and B. lactis by Chr. Hansen (Hoersholm, Denmark).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    J Aaltonen & K Laitinen

  2. Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    J Aaltonen, T Ojala & E Isolauri

  3. Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    T Ojala

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    K Laitinen

  5. Stat-Consulting, Nokia, Finland

    T Poussa

  6. Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    S Ozanne

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  1. J Aaltonen
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Correspondence to J Aaltonen.

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Aaltonen, J., Ojala, T., Laitinen, K. et al. Impact of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding on infant metabolic programming: a prospective randomized controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 65, 10–19 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.225

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