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Haematological cancer encompasses many diverse malignancies characteristically involving the blood, lymphoid organs, and bone marrow. Owing in large part to the ease of tumour sampling, breakthroughs in cancer research and therapy are often pioneered in haematological cancers. These include the discovery of key molecular drivers, the development of targeted therapy, progress towards risk-adapted treatment strategies based on molecular risk factors or minimal residual disease status, and exciting clinical innovations, such as genetically engineered T cells. Improvements in our understanding and management of haematological cancers are continuing at a rapid pace. Thus, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology and Nature Reviews Cancer have collated this special Collection of articles on haematological cancers as a resource for students, researchers, and clinicians who wish to be kept abreast of this fast-moving field.