Abstract
We aimed to explore the associations of polymorphisms in three microRNAs (miRNAs) (let-7e rs8111742, miR-365b rs121224 and miR-4795 rs1002765) that target PGC with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer/atrophic gastritis. Sequenom’s MassArray was used to genotype the miRNA polymorphisms in 724 gastric cancer cases, 862 atrophic gastritis cases and 862 controls in a Chinese population. We found that let-7e rs8111742 and miR-4795 rs1002765 were associated with the risk of gastric cancer in the H. pylori-positive subgroup. MiR-365b rs121224 was associated with the risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer in the alcohol consumption subgroup. Intestinal-type gastric cancer patients at Borrmann stages III-IV who carry the miR-365b rs121224 GG genotype had better prognosis compared with those who carry the CG or CC genotypes. MiR-365b rs121224 was associated with Lauren typing and TNM staging, in which the distribution of GG genotype carriers in intestinal-type gastric cancer and the TNM stage I-II subgroup was higher than that of CG or CC genotypes, which contrasted with the distribution in diffuse-type gastric cancer or TNM III-IV groups. These findings suggested that the polymorphisms in these miRNAs might be biomarkers for gastric cancer risk and prognosis, especially for populations infected with Helicobacter pylori or who consume alcohol.
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Introduction
Gene polymorphisms are a common genetic variant. The most common polymorphic form is a base difference, termed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Approximately 50% of SNPs occur in the noncoding region of a gene. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded, 18–23 nucleotide-long, RNA molecules, which can be polymorphic and can affect maturation and function of the miRNA, possibly resulting in disease. For example, the pri-miR-15a/miR-16 C/T polymorphism is associated with familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia1; pri-miR-218 rs11134527 is associated with the risk of liver cancer in the Chinese population2; pri-miR-185 rs2008591 is associated with the risk of breast cancer3; pre-miR-423 rs6505162 and pre-miR-608 rs4919510 are associated with the prognosis of colorectal cancer4; miR-146a G/C and pri-let-7a-2 rs629367 are associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer5,6; pre-miR-196a2 rs11614913 and pre-miR-146a rs2910164 are associated with the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer7,8; and pre-miR-146a rs2910164 is associated with the prognosis of adult gliomas9. Although there are some studies on the association of the risk and prognosis of cancer with single polymorphic miRNAs, there are few reports on the relationship between target gene-based miRNA polymorphisms and cancer. MiRNAs cause mRNA degradation or translational containment through complete or incomplete complementarity with the 3′ non-coding sequence of its target gene10. Polymorphic miRNAs can affect the process of miRNA maturation, and then affect its regulatory function on the target gene1,2,3. Single miRNAs can regulate different genes and multiple miRNAs can be regulated by the same target gene. The exploration of the relationship between targeted gene-based miRNA polymorphisms and cancer would be helpful to discover the potential of miRNA target gene-related diseases. It would also be helpful to clarify the role of miRNA genetic variation and its target gene dysregulation in cancer development, including determining the molecular pathways of miRNAs involved in target gene regulation.
Pepsinogen C (encoded by PGC) is the mature form of an aspartic proteinase present in the gastric mucosa and serum, and is used in a serological test for early screening of gastric cancer and precancerous disease. Our previous studies in normal gastric mucosa, atrophic gastritis (precancerous disease group) and the gastric disease chain showed that PGC protein levels decrease gradually with disease progression11. The serological detection of PGC can be used to evaluate and manage the advance of gastric cancer and precancerous diseases12. However, the regulation of the PGC protein levels is not clear.
Previously, we used the NCBI bioinformatics database to predict miRNAs that might target PGC, and identified let-7e, miR-4795 and miR-365b, which were confirmed by luciferase reporter experiments. According to the screening rule that a polymorphic locus in the Chinese population should exist with a frequency distribution and minor allele frequency (MAF) > 5, we screened three tagSNPs (SNPs that uniquely represent a haplotype) located in the primary precursor regions of the three miRNAs. They were, pri-let-7e rs8111742, located in the let-7e gene promoter region at −565 bp; pri-miR-365b rs121224, located in the miR-365b gene promoter region at −430 bp; and pri-miR-4795 rs1002765, located in pri-miR-4795 gene promoter region at −1635 bp. These three tagSNPs are all located in important promoter regions. Whether these miRNA SNPs are associated with the downregulation of PGC in atrophic gastritis or gastric cancer; whether they can be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers of gastric cancer; and what are the relationships between miRNA polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as other gastric cancer environmental factors, remain unclear.
This case-control study aimed to explore the relationships between polymorphisms in the PGC-targeting miRNAs, pri-let-7e, pri-miR-365b, pri-miR-4795, with the risk and prognosis of atrophy gastritis and gastric cancer in a northern Chinese population to explore their potential as specific markers of gastric cancer and its precursor. This study could provide a theoretical and experimental basis for further exploration of the genetic variation of these three miRNAs and the dysregulation of their target gene, PGC, in gastric cancer development.
Results
Subject information
The study subjects included 862 patients with atrophic gastritis, 724 with gastric cancer and 862 control subjects. There was no significant difference in the age or sex distribution between the gastric cancer group and the control group or between the atrophic gastritis group and the control group. The characteristics of the three groups are shown in Table 1. We selected 357 subjects who underwent surgical treatment and were subjected to regular follow-up. The prognosis of gastric cancer patients with complete clinical pathology data was studied. Clinical staging of gastric cancer used the seventh edition of the UICC TNM staging13, and Lauren typing14 was used for the histological classification of gastric cancer (Table 1).
Association of pri-let-7e rs8111742, pri-miR-365b rs121224 and pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 with risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer
The overall analysis of all cases showed no significant correlations for the three miRNA polymorphisms with the risk of atrophic gastritis or gastric cancer (Table 2).
Stratified analysis of pri-let-7e rs8111742, pri-miR-365b rs121224 and pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 and risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer
We further analyzed environmental factors such as H. pylori infection, smoking and alcohol consumption, and found that the let-7e rs8111742 AA genotype could increase the risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.044) in the H. pylori-positive group, while the miR-4795 rs1002765 AA genotype could reduce the risk of gastric cancer (P = 0.050) in the H. pylori-positive group (Table 3).
Associations of pri-let-7e rs8111742, pri-miR-365b rs121224 and pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 with the risk of intestinal-type and diffuse-type gastric cancer
By Lauren typing, we divided the gastric cancer patients into intestinal-type and diffuse-type. The associations of the three miRNA polymorphisms with the risk of intestinal-type and diffuse-type gastric cancer were then analyzed. There were no significant correlations between any of the miRNA polymorphisms and the risk of either gastric cancer (Table 4). Further analysis of environmental factors, such as H. pylori infection, smoking and alcohol consumption, found that in the alcohol consumption subgroup, the pri-miR-365b rs121224 GG genotype could increase the risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer compared with the CC genotype (P = 0.029) and the CG + CC genotype (P = 0.045), respectively. For the pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 polymorphism, the GA + AA genotype could reduce the risk of diffuse-type gastric cancer compared with the GG genotype (P = 0.032). The pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 AA genotype could reduce the risk of diffuse-type gastric cancer in the H. pylori infection-positive subgroup compared with the GG and GA + GG genotypes (P = 0.005, respectively) (Table 5).
Correlation of pri-let-7e rs8111742, pri-miR-365b rs121224 and pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 with clinical pathological parameters
MiR-365b rs121224 was related to Lauren and TNM staging. In contrast with diffuse-type gastric cancer or the TNM III-IV stage subgroup, the distribution frequency of GG genotype carriers in the intestinal-type gastric cancer subgroup and in the TNM I-II stage subgroup was higher than that of the CG + CC genotype carriers (P = 0.014, P = 0.031 respectively) (Table 6).
Association of pri-let-7e rs8111742, pri-miR-365b rs121224 and pri-miR-4795 rs1002765 with gastric cancer prognosis
The miR-365b rs121224 GG genotype was associated with a better prognosis compared with the CG or CC genotypes in the Borrmann III-IV subgroup and in the intestinal-type gastric cancer subgroup (P = 0.042, P = 0.031, respectively) (Table 7).
Discussion
This paper explored the associations of polymorphisms in three miRNAs (let-7e rs8111742 G > A, miR-365b rs121224 C > G and miR-4795 rs1002765 G > A) that target PGC with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis. Overall risk analysis revealed that there was no significant correlation between the three miRNA polymorphisms and gastric cancer or atrophic gastritis. However, subgroup analysis revealed that let-7e rs8111742 and miR-4795 rs1002765 were associated with the risk of gastric cancer in the H. pylori-positive subgroup. MiR-365b rs121224 was associated with intestinal-type gastric cancer risk in the alcohol consumption subgroup, and miR-4795 rs1002765 was associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer risk in the H. pylori-positive and alcohol consumption subgroups. Prognostic analysis revealed that intestinal-type gastric cancer patients at Borrmann stage III-IV who carry miR-365b rs121224 GG genotype have a better prognosis compared with those who carry the CG or CC genotypes. MiR-365b rs121224 was associated with Lauren typing and TNM staging, in which the distribution of GG genotype carriers in intestinal-type gastric cancer and the TNM stage I-II subgroup was higher than that of CG or CC genotypes, which is in contrast with the distribution in diffuse-type gastric cancer or TNM III-IV groups. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report on the association of three miRNA tagSNPs that target PGC with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis in a Chinese population.
MiRNA polymorphisms may be associated with susceptibility to disease15. Certain miRNA polymorphisms are associated with the overall population risk, some of which are associated with risk in a specific population. In this study, we did not find that let-7e rs8111742 G > A, miR-365b rs121224 C > G and miR-4795 rs1002765 G > A are associated with gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis risk in the general population. However, in the subgroup analysis, it was found that the three miRNA polymorphisms were related to a specific population who are infected with H. pylori or who consume alcohol. H. pylori is one of the most important environmental factors in the stomach, and the development of intestinal-type gastric cancer and diffuse-type gastric cancer are related to H. pylori infection11. This study found that the let-7e rs8111742 and miR-4795 rs1002765 polymorphisms increased and decreased, respectively, the risk of gastric cancer in the H. pylori-positive subgroup. This indicated that the let-7e mutation might be a risk genotype, which might have a positive effect on the occurrence and development of gastric cancer, and that the miR-4795 mutation may play a protective role in the development of gastric cancer. Furthermore, H. pylori may be an intermediary or bridge that mediates host gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer. Although there are no other reports on the relationship between these two polymorphisms and disease, studies have found that other miRNA polymorphisms are associated with gastric disease in H. pylori infected patients. For example, the interaction between H. pylori and the TLR4 gene and miR-146a polymorphisms has been studied. It was found that the combined effect of the miR-146a rs2910164 GG genotype and the TLR4 + 3725C allele could increase the risk of severe atrophic gastritis in a Japanese population infected with H. pylori16. In addition, Song et al. found that in an H. pylori-positive subgroup, the miR-146a rs2910164 C allele increased the risk of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia17. Okubo et al. found that the rs11614913 TT polymorphism in miR-196a-2 correlated positively with the degree of induced monocyte infiltration in H. pylori infection18. These findings suggest that a high risk miRNA polymorphism carrier with H. pylori infection is at higher risk of suffering from gastric cancer and precancerous disease; therefore, more attention should be paid to their follow-up and to individual prevention. Similarly, our study found that miR-365b rs121224 was associated with intestinal-type gastric cancer risk in the alcohol consumption subgroup, and miR-4795 rs1002765 was associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer risk in the H. pylori-positive and alcohol consumption subgroup. Thus, a high risk miRNA polymorphism carrier that drinks alcohol also has a potential risk of suffering from gastric cancer and precancerous disease, and should be vigilant.
In the prognosis analysis, we found that the GG genotype of miR-365b rs121224 was associated with better prognosis in the Borrmann III-IV and intestinal-type gastric cancer subgroups. There are two copies of the miR-365 gene in the human genome. MiR-365a is located on chromosome 16 and miR-365b is on chromosome 17; however, they both produce the same mature miR-365. The rs121224 polymorphism is located 430 bp upstream of miR-365b in the promoter region. The biological function of miR-365 is uncertain. Some scholars believe that miR-365 is an “oncogene”. It is expressed at high levels in skin squamous cell carcinoma and in some cancer cell lines, and in vivo experiments confirmed that over-expression of mir-365 can promote subcutaneous tumors in mice19. Furthermore, inhibition of mir-365 expression can cause cells to arrest in G1 phase and undergo apoptosis, thus inhibiting the formation of skin tumors20,21. However, in recent years, mir-365 has been shown to inhibit cancer. It is downregulated in lung cancer tissues; inhibits tumor cell line migration22,23,24,25,26,27; and promotes apoptosis and regulates bcl-2 expression23,24. The results of this study showed that the risk of intestinal-type gastric cancer in the alcohol consumption subgroup was lower with the pri-miR-365b rs121224 C allele, but that the subgroup of patients with Borrmann type III-IV staging had a better prognosis with the G genotype. The transcription factors Sp1 and NF-κB are associated with the promoter region of miR-365 and they activate cellular signaling pathways22; therefore, the genotype of rs121224 may affect the involvement of miR-365 in cell signaling pathways. Upregulation of miR-365 can also lead to changes in the Akt/PTEN/p53 pathway, with downregulation of PTEN protein levels27 leading to the accumulation of alcohol in cells28. Thus, the polymorphism in the miR-365 promoter region may be involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal-type gastric cancer by altering cell signaling. SNP rs121224 is located in the precursor region of pri-miR-365b and can affect the expression level and maturation process of the miRNA, which may affect its function. We hypothesized that the rs121224 polymorphism in the promoter region might be associated with decreased binding capacity of miR-365 transcription factors (Sp1 and NF-κB) and thus it is not able to stimulate cell proliferation via the MAPK pathway; thus the carriers have better prognosis. In gastric cancer progression, we found that the frequency of rs121224 GG genotype carriers in the intestinal-type gastric cancer subgroup and the TNM stage I-II subgroup was significantly higher than that of CG + CC carriers, which is consistent with the Borrmann type III-IV stage subgroup of patients, who had better prognosis with the G genotype.
MiRNAs let-7e, miR-4795 and miR-365b all target PGC. As we know PGC is a product of terminally differentiated gastric mucosa. The expression of PGC protein decreased gradually with gastric disease progression11. Our previous studies showed that a PGC polymorphism was also associated with gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis29,30,31. It is well accepted that gene–gene interactions are more important than single genes in promoting cancer susceptibility32,33,34. For example, gene polymorphisms that individually have a weak effect can have a strong effect when acting in synergy35. Similarly, the epistatic effect, which is a phenomenon that consists of the effect of complex interactions, is greater than the main effects of any single susceptibility gene31,34. The latest research in our group found that when these three miRNA polymorphisms and their target gene PGC polymorphisms are present together, epistasis occurs and the SNP–SNP interaction between the three miRNAs and their target PGC can increase the prediction risk of atrophic gastritis from 1.49 to 6.95 times36. Beside epistatic effect, it should be noted that miRNAs can affect the expression of its target genes by binding to 3′UTR regions. Thus, genetic variation of miRNA may be involved in the regulation of its target gene expression. Several studies have demonstrated that a variety of miRNAs may bind with PGC and affect its expression. For example, Liu et al. reported that serum let-7 microRNA negatively regulated the expression of PGC gene37. Other scholars suggested that miR-27a rs895819 polymorphism could affect the expression of its targeted gene ZBTB1038. And the promoter polymorphism of miR-34b/c rs4938723 could influence the transcription activity of miR-34b/c promoter, which therefore affect miRNA expression39,40. As the three described polymorphisms of let-7e, miR-4795 and miR-365b are all located in the important promoter regions, we speculate that these miRNA SNPs may be associated with the downregulation of PGC expression, thus increasing gastric cancer risk. Further study would be warranted to verify our assumptions and determine the molecular pathways of the miRNA polymorphisms involved in the regulation of the targeted PGC gene.
Several limitations of our study should be noted. First, the number of cases needs to be expanded to enable a stratified analysis. Second, data from other environmental factors, such as diet, should be analyzed. Third, functional studies are needed to determine the pathogenic pathways in which the miRNA polymorphisms operate.
In summary, we performed a case-control study to explore the associations of polymorphisms in three miRNAs that target PGC with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer/atrophic gastritis. We found that pri-let-7e rs8111742 in the H. pylori infection-positive subgroup was associated with the risk of gastric cancer and that miR-4795 rs1002765 in the H. pylori infection-positive and alcohol consumption subgroups was associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer. Pri-miR-365b rs121224 is associated with intestinal-type gastric cancer in the alcohol consumption subgroup, and the G allele was found to have a better prognosis in patients with Borrmann III–IV staging and intestinal-type gastric cancer. These findings suggest that these miRNA polymorphisms may be markers for gastric cancer risk and prognosis, especially related to specific populations infected with H. pylori or who consume alcohol. This study also provided an experimental basis for further study of the regulation of PGC in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
Materials and Methods
Patients
This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. We confirm that all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. We enrolled 2448 subjects, including 862 atrophic gastritis, 724 gastric cancer and 862 control cases. The control group and atrophic gastritis group were all selected from the Zhuanghe Gastric Diseases Screening Program, which has been previously reported12. Fasting venous blood and biopsies were collected from subjects and histopathological diagnosis performed. The control group was confirmed to be normal or to have mild superficial gastritis by microscopic examination. Sydney classification41,42 was used to confirm atrophic gastritis, and patients with moderate to severe atrophic gastritis were selected for the atrophic gastritis group. Gastric cancer cases were all patients attending the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. After admission, endoscopic biopsy and tissue pathology diagnosis were carried out. Patient data (including age, gender, smoking and drinking habits) were recorded and have been published previously29. For the prognosis study, we selected subjects who underwent surgical treatment and were subjected to regular follow-up; ultimately, 357 gastric cancer patients with complete clinical pathology data were studied. The clinical staging of gastric cancer used the seventh edition of UICC TNM staging13, and Lauren typing14 was used for the histological classification of gastric cancer.
Subject’s genotyping
DNA was extracted from the patients’ venous blood, and Sequenom’s MassArray system was used to conduct polymorphism typing in all cases29. Repeated verification (Sequenom’s MassArray system) was performed for 10% of cases and the repetition rate was >99%.
The determination of serum Helicobacter pylori -IgG titer
The serum H. pylori-IgG titer was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Helicobacter pylori IgG kit; Biohit, Helsinki, Finland) according to a previously described method5,43. Patients with a serum titer >34 IU were diagnosed as H. pylori positive.
Statistics
The dominant model compared heterozygotes and homozygous mutant with wild-types and the recessive model compared homozygous mutants with wild-types and heterozygotes. The distribution of demographic characteristics in the case and control groups, and the frequency distribution of genotypes in the disease group were measured using the χ2 test, and Student’s t test was used to assess age and other data. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Additional Information
How to cite this article: Wu, Y.-f. et al. Association of Polymorphisms in three pri-miRNAs that Target Pepsinogen C with the Risk and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer. Sci. Rep. 7, 39528; doi: 10.1038/srep39528 (2017).
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by grants from the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program ref no. 2010CB529304), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Ref No. 31200968).
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Study design: Y.Y. Perform experiments: Y.F.W., Q.X., Y.L. and N.D. Data interpretation: C.Y.H., and L.P.S. Drafting manuscript: Y.F.W., Q.X. and Y.Y. Revising manuscript content: J.W.L. and Y.Y. Approving final version of manuscript: Y.F.W., Q.X., C.Y.H., Y.L., J.W.L., N.D., L.P.S. and Y.Y.
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Wu, Yf., Xu, Q., He, Cy. et al. Association of Polymorphisms in three pri-miRNAs that Target Pepsinogen C with the Risk and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer. Sci Rep 7, 39528 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39528
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39528
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