Introduction

Magnetic oxides comprise a wide class of materials exhibiting rich crystal structures and physical properties that make them ideal candidates for both theoretical and experimental studies1. The interest in magnetic oxides has exponentially grown, stimulated by the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in cuprates2, colossal magnetoresistance in mixed valence manganese oxides3 and above room temperature ferromagnetism in wide-band-gap oxide ferromagnetic semiconductors4,5,6. In particular, the experimental observation of phase separation and multiple phase coexistence in oxides is of great interest owing to the fact that phase coexistence can result in novel electronic and/or magnetic properties.

The coexistence of distinct metallic and insulating electronics phase in pervoskite magnetic oxides presents researcher a tool to tune the electronic properties of materials where metal-insulator transition accompanied with colossal magnetoresistance effect could be achieved3,7,8. The coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism at the interface between two oxide insulators provides a fascinating system for the study of the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism9,10,11, because ferromagnetism is usually considered to be incompatible with conventional superconductivity, as it destroys the singlet correlations responsible for the pairing interaction. Also, the coexistence of competing magnetic phases in the complex oxide heterojunctions offers excellent opportunities to exploit emerging magnetic phenomena such as spin glass and exchange bias effect12,13. Generally, in the case of strongly correlated oxide systems, the orbital selective occupancy, Coulomb interaction, Hund coupling and Jahn-Teller distortions have a significant role in determining the nature of the electronic and magnetic states. However, the intricate relationship between spin, charge and orbit degree of freedom in the strongly correlated oxide system leads to rich phase diagram and makes the understanding of multiple phase coexistence rather complicated. Alternatively, an in-depth understanding of the microscopic origin of multiple phase coexistence could be achieved in oxide systems with less complexity.

Here we pay special attention to the ferromagnetic oxide semiconductors, such as diluted magnetic oxides14,15,16 (TM-doped ZnO and TM-doped TiO2 etc., where TM = Mn, Fe, Co transitional metal), diluted magnetic dielectrics17,18,19 (TM-doped CeO2 and Sm2O3 etc.), condensed oxide ferromagnetic semiconductors5 and even in undoped wide band gap oxides20,21. Different from the strongly correlated oxide systems, exchange interactions mainly in the form of s,p-d hybridizing play the definitive role in determining the final magnetic phases of oxide ferromagnetic semiconductors, which present a new platform to study multiple phase coexistence. Unfortunately, up to date, high quality single crystal magnetic oxides with high TM concentrations have not been prepared. In order to achieve this goal, we choose to investigate quaternary fcc-Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v (CoMgZnO) epitaxial thin films. Though secondary phases were usually detected in the CoxZn1-xO films when the Co concentration is above 25%22,23, ternary MgxZn1-xO shows structural evolution from ZnO-based hexagonal structure to MgO-based face-centered-cubic structure with increasing Mg concentration24. In addition, MgO-based fcc structure matches well with CoO and CoxMg1-xO is available over the entire composition range25. Hence, quaternary fcc-Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v provides an alternative way to break the low solubility limitation of transitional metal. Moreover, band gap engineering could be expected in CoMgZnO by tuning the composition ratio of Mg/Zn. Above all, magnetic property modulation could be achieved by tuning the Co and oxygen vacancy concentration in the CoMgZnO films, which makes CoMgZnO a promising candidate for future optical and spintronics applications.

In this report, we demonstrated that single crystal fcc-Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v with Co concentration up to x = 0.5 has been fabricated for the first time. The systematic magnetic property and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements indicated that intrinsic inhomogeneous distribution of oxygen vacancies leads to the coexistence of ferromagnetic, superparamagnetic and non-magnetic phases in the as-prepared CoMgZnO epitaxial films. In addition, the relative strength of multiple phases could be modulated by controlling the oxygen partial pressure during sample preparation.

Results

Microstructure of single-crystal thin films

Typical RHEED patterns of MgO buffer layer deposited on SrTiO3 (001) substrate were shown in Fig. 1(a), demonstrating the well flatness of the growth surface, which provides fine template for later epitaxial growth. In Fig. 1(b), streaky RHEED patterns were observed for the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films prepared under oxygen partial pressure of 6 × 10−7 mbar, indicating a two-dimensional plus three-dimensional growth mode. No secondary phase related spots appeared in RHEED patterns for all the films, excluding the presence of impurity precipitations. High resolution TEM image and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films were further shown in Fig. 1(c), which indicated that high quality single crystalline CoMgZnO films without any sign of secondary phases within the detection limit have been synthesized. The dark/bright contrast arising from local stress or inhomogeneous composition distribution can be observed, which suggest that elements distribution may be not uniform on nanometer scale.

Figure 1: Microstructure of epitaxial single-crystal Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v thin films.
figure 1

(a) and (b) RHEED patterns taken along the [110] azimuth for the MgO buffer layer and Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films. (c) High resolution TEM of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films, and the inset of (c) shows the SAED results. (d) XRD θ-2θ spectra of the SrTiO3 substrate and Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films. (e) XRD rocking curve of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v (002) peak. (f) XRD ϕ scans of the SrTiO3 (222) and Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v (222) planes.

Full size image

To further confirm the high quality single-crystal structure of the studied Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed. In Fig. 1(d), only the (002) peak of Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films was found besides the substrate peaks, excluding any secondary phase. Figure 1(e) shows the XRD omega rocking curve of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v (002) peak, and a full width at half maximum of 0.82° was obtained from the Gaussian fitting. By using the Scherrer equation , the estimated crystal coherence length is about 35 nm with  = Δ(2θ) = 0.245° = 0.0043 rad and θ = 21.5°, certifying the high crystal quality.

The XRD ϕ scans of the SrTiO3 (222) and Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v (222) planes were shown in Fig. 1(f). Four sharp peaks with 90° apart indicate in-plane four-fold symmetry for both the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films and SrTiO3 substrate. From the XRD results and RHEED patterns, the cubic-on-cubic epitaxial relationship of Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v (001)[100] // MgO (001)[100] // SrTiO3 (001)[100] is confirmed. So it is clear that we have prepared the high quality epitaxial single-crystal Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v thin films with high Co concentration.

Multiple magnetic phases

Figure 2(a) shows in-plane magnetic field dependence of magnetization (M-H curves) for the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films measured by SQUID at 5, 150 and 300 K. As can be seen, ferromagnetism is clearly observed from the hysteresis loops at low magnetic field, which only shows slight change within the studied temperature range, while paramagnetic and/or superparamagnetic response are observed at high magnetic field and decreases obviously with increasing temperature. Therefore, the room temperature ferromagnetic and paramagnetic/superparamagnetic contributions were separated and displayed in Fig. 2(a). The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the ferromagnetic component is 86.3 emu/cm3, which is much higher as compared with generally low values in diluted magnetic semiconductors14,15,26. Such a large saturation magnetization is highly unlikely to be from small clusters of metallic constitutes which are beyond the detection limit of commercial XRD, RHEED and HRTEM. In addition, almost no magnetic anisotropy was observed in spite of the single-crystal structure.

Figure 2: Magnetic properties of Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films.
figure 2

(a) M-H curves of the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films measured at 5, 150 and 300K, together with the separated ferromagnetic (FM) and superparamagnetic (PM) contributions at 300K. (b) M-H curve of the annealed Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films measured at 10 K and the fitting M-H curve by Langevin function. (c) Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of the annealed Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films and the fitting curve by Curie law.

Full size image

We further investigated the magnetic properties of Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films which were annealed at 550 °C for 2 h under O2 atmosphere in a tube furnace. Figure 2(b) shows the M-H curve of the annealed films measured at 10 K. It is clear that the paramagnetic/superparamagnetic M-H curve was observed instead of ferromagnetic hysteresis loops. Therefore, the experimental M-H curve was fitted by Langevin function

where n is the density of magnetic clusters, μ is the average magnetic moments per cluster, μ0 is the permeability of vacuum, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. A very good fitting to the experimental M-H curve gives n = 4.43 × 1015cm−3, μ = 4.99 × 10−14emu = 5.38 × 106μB, and the saturation magnetization Ms = nμ = 221.1 emu/cm3. This means that the annealed single crystal films are composed of superparamagnetic clusters with the magnetic moments μ = 5.38 × 106μB per cluster and the density of superparamagnetic clusters n = 4.43 × 1015cm−3. On the other hand, if we assume these superparamagnetic clusters coalesce together, they will become ferromagnetic. Therefore, these superparamagnetic clusters should be well separated by non-magnetic boundaries. Assuming all Co atoms disperse uniformly in the superparamagnetic clusters and have the same magnetic moments, the average magnetic moments per Co atom were derived to be 0.90 μB. In this sense, according to Eq. (1), the total contribution of isolated paramagnetic Co atomic moments (if exist) is negligible for our magnetic measurements as compared with the contribution of superparamagnetic clusters.

Figure 2(c) shows the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of the annealed films as well as the fitting curve by the Curie law

where C is the Curie constant. It can be seen that the fitting curve generally coincides with the experimental data, and the Curie constant C = 3.16 × 10−2 (emu·K)/(cm3·Oe) was obtained. On the other hand, using the parameters n and μ of Langevin fitting of the M-H curve in Fig. 2(b), we can directly obtain the Curie constant C = 3.35 × 10−2 (emu·K)/(cm3·Oe), which is well consistent with the χ-T curve fitting. This further indicates that the experimentally measured magnetic susceptibility is attributed to the superparamagnetic clusters and the contribution of isolated paramagnetic Co atoms (if exist) is negligible.

Now let us turn back to Fig. 2(a) to further reveal the magnetic properties of the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films. We assume all Co atoms are in the ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic clusters in the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films and have the same magnetic moments per Co atom as that in the oxygen annealed films, i.e., 0.90 μB per Co atom corresponding to the total saturation magnetization of Ms = 221.1 emu/cm3. We can derive the saturation magnetization of the superparamagnetic component nμ = 134.8 emu/cm3 by deducting the ferromagnetic component 86.3 emu/cm3 from the total saturation magnetization of Ms = 221.1 emu/cm3. Furthermore, from the experimental magnetic susceptibility χ of the superparamagnetic component in Fig. 2(a), the density of superparamagnetic clusters n = 2.44 × 1014cm−3 and average magnetic moments per cluster μ = 5.72 × 107μB can be calculated by Eq. (2). This means that the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films are composed of ferromagnetic regions, superparamagnetic clusters, and non-magnetic boundaries. The schematic diagrams of the coexistence of three different magnetic phases in the as-prepared films were shown in Fig. 3(a). Comparing the density of superparamagnetic clusters n and average magnetic moments per cluster μ between the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films (n = 2.44 × 1014cm−3, μ = 5.72 × 107μB) and the oxygen annealed films (n = 4.43 × 1015cm−3, μ = 5.38 × 106μB), we found that both ferromagnetic regions and superparamagetic clusters in the as-prepared films involve into much smaller superparamagetic clusters with more density of superparamagnetic clusters and less magnetic moments per cluster after oxygen annealing, as shown in Fig. 3(b).

Figure 3: Multiple magnetic phases coexistence.
figure 3

(a) and (b) Schematic diagrams of coexistence of three magnetic phases in the as-prepared and oxygen annealed Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films. The red, blue, and green regions represent for ferromagnetic regions, superparamagnetic clusters, and non-magnetic boundaries, respectively. (c) Bright field image and (d) reconstructed phase image of electron holography of the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films.

Full size image

Electron holography experiments were performed and Fig. 3(c) and Fig. 3(d) respectively show the bright field image and reconstructed phase image of the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films in the remanent magnetization states. The bright filed image (Fig. 3(c)) shows uniform morphology, which is consistent with the high quality single crystal structure in Fig. 1 (c). However, complex magnetic patterns are revealed by the reconstructed phase image in Fig. 3(d), suggesting the coexistence of multiple magnetic phases despite the structural uniformity. In the reconstructed phase image the black (or white) lines are the lines of magnetic flux, i.e., the tangent line and the density of which represent the direction and strength of the magnetic flux, respectively. Evident lines are observed and the lines are irregularly distributed, which mean the ferromagnetic characteristic and inhomogeneous magnetization. If the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films are nonmagnetic or superparamagnetic, no lines will exist. If the films are uniformly ferromagnetic, the space between lines should be same and the lines should be more regularly distributed, e.g. almost parallel in some directions due to small coercivity. It is shown that the lines go through the ferromagnetic regions and are curved by the nonmagnetic or superparamagnetic regions, which revealed that the as-prepared Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films are composed of ferromagnetic regions, superparamagnetic clusters, and non-magnetic boundaries. This scenario revealed by the reconstructed phase image is in well agreement with the magnetic measurements by SQUID, as schematically shown in Fig. 3(a).

Controllable ferromagnetism

Furthermore, the room temperature ferromagnetism was modulated by controlling the preparation oxygen partial pressure and chemical composition. Since the superparamagnetic signals were easily deducted from M-H curves, we just show the ferromagnetic M-H loops in Fig. 4. Figure 4(a) shows room temperature ferromagnetic M-H loops of Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films fabricated under different oxygen partial pressure (). The ferromagnetic saturation magnetization Ms decreases from 86.3 to 32.7 emu/cm3 with increasing from 6 × 10−7 to 7 × 10−7 mbar, and then decreased to 2.7 emu/cm3 with increasing to 1 × 10−6 mbar. It is believed that changing the oxygen partial pressure during preparation or post annealing in oxygen could change the density of oxygen vacancies in the films, and thus change the magnetism.

Figure 4: Controllable magnetic properties.
figure 4

(a) M-H curves of Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films fabricated on SrTiO3 substrate under different oxygen partial pressure. (b) M-H curves of Cox(Mg0.55Zn0.45)1-xO1-v films with various Co concentration grown on SrTiO3 substrate. (c) M-H curves of Co0.5(MgyZn1-y)0.5O1-v films with different Mg content grown on sapphire substrate. The inset of (c) shows the increased band gap with increasing Mg concentration and the linear fitting.

Full size image

Figure 4(b) shows room temperature ferromagnetic M-H loops of Cox(Mg0.55Zn0.45)1-xO1-v films with various Co concentration prepared under oxygen partial pressure of 6 × 10−7 mbar. It is found that the ferromagnetic Ms decreases from 86.3 to 18.2 emu/cm3 with decreasing x from 0.5 to 0.3, and then decreases to almost 0 emu/cm3 with x decreased to 0.1. This is consistent with the scenario that Co provides the local magnetic moments and oxygen vacancies mediate the exchange coupling between local magnetic moments. As a result of the intrinsic inhomogeneous distribution of oxygen vacancies, regions with high oxygen vacancies concentration become ferromagnetic and regions with low oxygen vacancies concentration show superparamagnetic or non-magnetic behavior. However, when Co concentration is below the threshold value (x < 0.1), ferromagnetic order could not be established in our preparation conditions. Figure 4(c) shows room temperature ferromagnetic M-H curves of various Co0.5(MgyZn1-y)0.5O1-v films, which were fabricated on Al2O3 (0001) substrates under oxygen partial pressure of 6 × 10−7 mbar. For these epitaxial films, the [111] direction of CoMgZnO is parallel to the c-axis of sapphire. All these films show room temperature ferromagnetism, and the ferromagnetic Ms (≈64.6 emu/cm3) is almost unchanged with increasing the Mg concentration from 0.55 to 0.70. However, it is about 25% smaller than that (86.3 emu/cm3) of films grown on SrTiO3. The decrease of Ms suggests that the actual oxygen vacancies density should be different for films grown on different substrates. The optical transmittance spectra were measured to obtain the band gap of Co0.5(MgyZn1-y)0.5O1-v films grown on Al2O3 substrates. Here Al2O3 (0001) substrate with larger band gap is beneficial for measuring the band gap of the Co0.5(MgyZn1-y)0.5O1-v films. The dependence of band gap Eg on the Mg content y was shown in the inset of Fig. 4(c), and a linear fit yields Eg = (2.49y + 4.11) eV, which is a little smaller than that of pure MgyZn1-yO films27. This may be induced by the presence of Co and/or the inhomogeneous Mg distribution28, because the band gap of CoO is smaller than that of MgO.

All these results indicate that the final magnetic phases, i.e., the relative strength of the ferromagnetism, superparamagnetism, and nonmagnetic phases, could be modulated on large scale simply through controlling the oxygen partial pressure during sample growth and changing the chemical composition. However, high Co concentration and sufficient oxygen vacancies are crucial to realize strong ferromagnetism.

Oxygen vacancies and ferromagnetism revealed by X-ray absorption spectrum

Now we further reveal the evolution of ferromagnetism by X-ray absorption spectrum. It is well known that XAS is very sensitive to the formation of native defects and site symmetry of specific atoms in materials, and hence has great advantages in probing the local electronic structure29,30. Figure 5(a) shows the Co L-edge XAS of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films fabricated under different oxygen partial pressure, where both surface-sensitive total electron yield (TEY) and bulk-sensitive total fluorescence yield (TFY) modes give almost the same results. We can see that the Co L3 and L2 absorption peaks are located at 780 eV and 795 eV, respectively, which are separated by the 2p core-hole spin-orbit interaction. The general line shape of all the acquired spectra shows characteristic features similar to those in CoO31, and is in good agreement with the line shape of Co2+ ion in octahedral cluster calculated by charge-transfer multiplet model32. This indicates that the Co dopants reside cationic sites and octahedrally coordinates with ligand O atoms.

Figure 5: X-ray absorption spectrum.
figure 5

Co L-edge XAS (a) and O K-edge XAS (b) of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films fabricated under different oxygen partial pressure.

Full size image

However, as compared with the main peak at 779.7 eV, systematic degradation of the features at 777.8 eV and 780.5 eV can be observed with decreasing the oxygen partial pressure (increasing the oxygen vacancies). Here, the three measured Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films have the same crystal structure, film thickness, and (Co,Mg,Zn) composition. The only difference between them is the oxygen partial pressure during preparation, which leads to the increased oxygen vacancies with decreasing oxygen partial pressure. In this sense, the increased oxygen vacancies would affect the local surrounding of Co ions and hence the electronic band structure, leading to the systemic evolution of XAS features at 777.8 eV and 780.5 eV.

Figure 5(b) further shows the O K-edge XAS of the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films, where the general line shape of the spectra are similar for all the three samples. The O K-edge XAS spectra involves the O 1s→2p transition, and the features near the edge arise from the hybridization between cationic states and oxygen 2p states (p-d hybridization), which reduces the number of filled O 2p orbitals and enables the dipole transition33. It should be noted that a shoulder at 537.6 eV (as denoted with S) was observed for all the films, which degrades with decreasing the oxygen partial pressure (increasing the oxygen vacancies). Previous first-principle calculations have revealed that the presence of oxygen vacancies will result in the reduction and broadening of similar shoulder in O K-edge XAS of Co-doped ZnO system30. As mentioned above, the only difference between the three samples is the density of oxygen vacancies. Thus, the degradation of the shoulder feature at 537.6 eV with decreasing oxygen partial pressure should be induced by the increased oxygen vacancies.

Analysis of both the Co L-edge and O K-edge XAS reveals the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v films, which increases with decreasing the oxygen partial pressure. Considering magnetic properties measurements have revealed the enhancement of ferromagnetism with decreasing oxygen partial pressure, the XAS results further confirmed the close correlation between the oxygen vacancies and ferromagnetism in the films. These results strongly support the ferromagnetic scenario that oxygen-vacancies-mediated exchange coupling between Co spins is responsible for the ferromagnetism in CoMgZnO thin films, as proposed in the framework such as bound magnetic polaron model and charge transfer model16,34. However, since oxygen vacancies are very local, the ferromagnetic ordering mediated through oxygen vacancies are also local and can be regarded as superparamagnetic clusters, as shown by the schematic diagrams in Fig. 3(b). Only when these clusters coalesce together, the intrinsic and long-range ferromagnetism can be established, as shown in Fig. 3(a). In this sense, the non-magnetic boundaries are the areas without oxygen vacancies. Therefore, the coexistence of ferromagnetic regions, superparamagnetic clusters, and non-magnetic boundaries in the as-prepared CoMgZnO films indicates that there exists intrinsic inhomogeneous distribution of oxygen vacancies.

Discussion

Epitaxial single-crystal fcc-Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v thin films with high Co concentration up to x = 0.5 have been successfully fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy. Three different magnetic phases of ferromagnetic regions, superparamagnetic clusters, and non-magnetic boundaries were found to coexist in the single-crystal Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v thin films, and they can be modulated on large scale by controlling oxygen vacancies concentration. All the experimental results indicate that intrinsic inhomogeneous distribution of oxygen vacancies plays the definitive role in determining the final magnetic phases in the Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v films. At last, it should be pointed out that armed with tunable ferromagnetism and band-gap, Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v films hold promise for future spintronic applications, such as spin-LED and spin-FET35,36. On the other hand, the superparamagnetic Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-vfilms have the advantages of large magnetization and non-hysteresis of magnetization at relatively small magnetic field.

Methods

Film growth

CoMgZnO thin films of 100 nm, together with MgO buffer layers of 10 nm, were deposited on SrTiO3 (001) and Al2O3 (0001) substrates by radio frequency oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The background pressure of the growth chamber is better than 5 × 10−9 mbar. Before deposition, the SrTiO3 and Al2O3 substrates were thermally annealed at 800 °C for 10 minutes in growth chamber, and then the epitaxial films were deposited at 400 °C. All the studied films were grown on SrTiO3, except those for optical measurements, which were grown on Al2O3. Metal fluxes were provided by evaporating high purity elemental solid sources (5N cobalt, 3N8 magnesium and 6N zinc), and O flux was supplied in form of active oxygen (5N5) radicals by an RF plasma source. Composition ratio of Mg and Zn was controlled to achieve the fcc structure wherein high Co concentration is available. In the present Cox(MgyZn1-y)1-xO1-v thin films, x ranges from 0.1 to 0.5, and y ranges from 0.55 to 0.70.

Structure characterization

The whole growth process was monitored by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and the crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Film thickness was estimated by in-situ quartz crystal monitors and the composition was checked by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Magnetic measurements

Magnetic properties of the films were measured by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), and the magnetic signal from substrate was deducted. Electron holography experiments were carried out to observe the magnetic flux contours of the film surface using a JEM2100F TEM with a custom-made field-free objective lens (residual field <5 Oe).

Energy band characterization

X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) measurements were performed at Beamline 8.0.1 of Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The undulator and spherical grating monochromator supply a linearly polarized photon beam with resolving power up to 6000. The experimental energy resolution is 0.1–0.15 eV. Data were collected in both total electron yield (TEY) and total fluorescence yield (TFY) modes. All the spectra have been normalized to the beam flux measured by the upstream gold mesh. Optical transmittance spectra measurements were conducted by an UV-visible dual-beam spectrophotometer to investigate the band gap of films.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Zhu, D. et al. Oxygen vacancies controlled multiple magnetic phases in epitaxial single crystal Co0.5(Mg0.55Zn0.45)0.5O1-v thin films. Sci. Rep. 6, 24188; doi: 10.1038/srep24188 (2016).