Introduction

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate different cellular mechanisms by interacting with all kind of biomolecules, such as other nucleic acids, proteins or small molecules and co-factors, thereby modifying their subsequent functions1,2,3. Those ncRNAs have a low potential to be translated into proteins and can be sub-divided according to their size into small (<200 nt) and long non-coding RNAs (>200–100,000 nt, lncRNAs). The function and cellular role of lncRNAs is diverse due to the various different interaction mechanisms and partners3,4,5. Their expression profile can vary within different cell types, developmental states and diseases6,7. Therefore, the distinct expression profile of lncRNAs is often used as biomarker for disease type and stage. Considering the plethora of identified lncRNAs, there are only a few well-characterized species, yet. This makes the functional analysis including the involved complexes and binding partners an essential task for research8,9,10,11.

The lncRNA PANDAR (Promotor of CDKN1A Antisense DNA damage Activated RNA) comprises 1506 nt and is transcribed in antisense direction from the CDKN1A promotor. When bound to protein complexes, PANDAR is able to modulate different cellular effects: the interaction with the NF-YA protein, for instance, leads to the inhibition of apoptotic gene activation12. Also, the scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) interacts with PANDAR and plays an important role within the regulation of cellular senescence13. In proliferative fibroblast cells, PANDAR and SAF-A recruit the polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and 2 to inhibit the transcription of pro-senescent genes. Contrary to this, in senescent fibroblast cells, PANDAR interacts with NF-YA thereby sequestering it from promotor regions of proliferation responsible genes13,14.

The investigation of patient derived non-small cell lung carcinoma samples revealed decreased PANDAR levels compared to adjacent healthy tissue. This correlates with increased tumor size and tumor-nodus-metastasis (TNM) stage15. In contrast to this, several cancer types like gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and bladder cancer revealed increased PANDAR levels that correlated with a higher TNM stage and poor prognosis16,17,18. Further in vitro analysis of bladder cancer revealed that PANDAR upregulation leads to proliferation, while PANDAR knockdown results in apoptosis18. Given the variety of tightly regulated expression levels and involvements within various cellular stages, the detailed interaction network of PANDAR and its mechanisms behind needs further investigations.

Herein, we identified PANDAR interacting proteins using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based pull-down combined with quantitative mass spectrometry. Subsequent functional characterization of interacting candidates revealed a potential role of PANDAR in pre-mRNA splicing regulation via one of its newly identified binding partners polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1).

Results

Identification of the lncRNA PANDAR interactome from human osteosarcoma cells

To specifically identify PANDAR bound proteins, we used the combination of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based PANDAR pull-down followed by quantitative mass spectrometry after stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC). Therefore, we designed, synthesized and analyzed PANDAR specific PNA probes (Supplementary Fig. 1a). These were able to enrich PANDAR from total isolated RNA samples (Supplementary Fig. 1b) and showed affinities with the best (PNA_P1) reaching down to the lower nM range (1.8 nM, Supplementary Fig. 1c). To identify potential interaction partners, lysates from osteosarcoma cells grown in either “heavy” media or “light” media (forward experiment) were supplemented with or without PNA-probe for affinity pull-down via magnetic beads. The sample without PNA-probe served as negative control. Additionally, the same experiment was conducted with exchanged settings (reverse experiment) (Supplementary Fig. 2). Pull-downs were subsequently subjected to quantitative mass spectrometry (Fig. 1). For proteins to be selected as possible binding partners, we claimed that the difference between control and probe was at least four fold (log2 heavy to light (H/L) ratio > 2) in either the forward or reverse experiment (log2 (L/H) > 2). In addition, we required the candidates to be identified and quantified with both probes in independent experiments (Fig. 1a,b). Taken together, we determined 22 potential binding candidates for PANDAR (Fig. 1c).

Figure 1
figure 1

Potential PANDAR binding partners by PNA-based pull-down with quantitative mass spectrometry. PANDAR targeting PNA-pull-down experiments from SILAC treated U2 OS cells were performed utilizing biotinylated PNA_P1 (a) or PNA_P2 (b) probe. Log2 heavy to light ratios from quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of the forward (H/L) and reverse (L/H) experiments are plotted against each other. Potential PANDAR binding candidates (depicted in blue) appear in the upper right quadrant of the plot. Selected candidates for interaction were required to be quantified in both probes PNA_P1 and PNA_P2 with at least one log2 value >2 (4-fold binding difference). (c) Resulting hit candidates are listed. Candidates below the dashed line were excluded from further experiments due to technical reasons.

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Validation of novel PANDAR interaction partners

To further validate potential PANDAR interaction partners, stably PANDAR overexpressing U-2 OS cells were transiently transfected with plasmids of eGFP-fusion proteins and subjected to GFP-RNA immunoprecipitation (GFP-RIP, Supplementary Fig. 3). Quantification of bound PANDAR was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as relative enrichments over unspecific background of the eGFP-negative control. Additionally, we included NF-YA and SAF-A for the analysis, as these proteins were known to interact with PANDAR12,13. A threshold for most promising interaction partners was set to exceed the median absolute deviation (MAD) from the median of all candidates by a factor of three (z-score ≥ 3). SAF-A, PTBP1 and splicing factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) fulfilled these criteria so that our subsequent analyses focused on these candidates (Fig. 2a).

Figure 2
figure 2

Validation of PANDAR-protein complexes. (a) eGFP fused protein candidates were analyzed with respect to their PANDAR binding ability by RT-qPCR. Bound PANDAR RNA was determined as fold-enrichment compared to eGFP negative control (=1). Three positive PANDAR binding proteins candidates (dark red bars) exceed the MAD of the population by a factor of >3 (z-score > 3), median = 177, MAD = 168. (b) Analysis of bound proteins to biotinylated PANDAR RNA. Western blot analysis for each of the binding candidates revealed binding of SAF-A, PTBP1 and U2AF65, but not for RBMS2 (z-score = 1) as internal negative control. In: input, FT: flowthrough, B: bound fractions.

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For further cross-validation, we wanted to know if endogenous protein expression levels are sufficient to form the RNA-protein complex. Therefore, biotinylated PANDAR was bound to streptavidin magnetic beads and incubated with cell lysates derived from U-2 OS cells. Subsequent western blotting using protein-specific antibodies showed no binding for the negative control RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 2 (RBMS2, z-score = 1.0, Fig. 2b). In contrast, binding of the already known PANDAR interaction partner SAF-A was verified. Importantly, we confirmed PTBP1 and U2AF65 as two novel interaction partners of PANDAR.

PANDAR plays a regulatory role in splicing by modulating PTBP1

For functional analysis we next focused on PTBP1 as the candidate that showed the strongest signal in our SILAC experiment (Fig. 1) as well as the highest PANDAR binding capacity (Fig. 2). Previously, PTBP1 has been shown to be involved in the post-transcriptional splicing process of the BCL-X pre-mRNA towards the pro-apoptotic BCL-XS variant19. To further investigate if PANDAR is involved in the regulation of this process, we focused on the PANDAR-PTBP1 interaction. First, we performed PANDAR-PTBP1 interaction pull-down experiments with biotinylated full length PANDAR from U-2 OS cell lysate (Fig. 3a). Western blot analysis confirmed the interaction of the splicing regulator PTBP1 with PANDAR, but not with a non-binding control RNA. As PTBP1 regulates BCL-X alternative splicing, we asked if the interaction with PANDAR is able to modulate this alternative splicing of the BCL-XS isoform. We transiently overexpressed PANDAR in U-2 OS cells and analyzed the BCL-XS mRNA level quantitatively. We found the BCL-XS mRNA level to be significantly reduced (about 40%) compared to an empty vector control (Fig. 3b). Importantly, simultaneous PTBP1 overexpression fully rescued this PANDAR induced reduction of BCL-XS mRNA (Fig. 3b).

Figure 3
figure 3

PANDAR induced BCL-XS mRNA reduction rescued by PTBP1. (a) PTBP1 western blot analysis of biotin-PANDAR pull-down samples from U-2 OS cell lysates revealed an enrichment of PTBP1 for PANDAR full length RNA. No PTBP1 enrichment was observed for the pull-down with non binding RNA control. (b) RT-qPCR analysis of BCL-XS mRNA level upon PANDAR overexpression in comparison to simultaneous overexpression of PTBP1 in U-2 OS cells. Shown are mean ± s. d.; n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n. s. = not significant; e. v. = empty vector control; Rq = relative quantity.

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Multiple PTBP1 binding regions of PANDAR are needed for BCL-XS mRNA reduction in U-2 OS cells

For a more detailed mapping of PANDAR regions involved in PTBP1 binding, biotinylated PANDAR fragments each with a size of 300 nt were used for subsequent analysis (Fig. 4a). The respective PANDAR fragments were bound to streptavidin magnetic beads and used to analyze their ability to interact and therefore enrich PTBP1 from U-2 OS cell lysate. Western blot analysis revealed no PTBP1 interaction with the 5′ PANDAR regions up to 600 nt, while the 3′ fragments 601–900 nt, 901–1200 nt and 1201–1506 nt were able to enrich PTBP1 (Fig. 4a). To address, which of the PTBP1 binding regions of PANDAR are needed for the reduction of BCL-XS level, we overexpressed each of these fragments in U-2 OS cells and quantified the BCL-XS mRNA content (Fig. 4b). Here we could reproduce our previously observed 40% reduction of the BCL-XS mRNA level upon PANDAR overexpression. The PANDAR fragment analysis showed, that most of the PANDAR fragments show a slightly reduce BCL-XS mRNA levels (Fig. 4b). Notably, the most 3′-fragment (1200–1506 nt) shows the biggest effect of all tested fragments (about 30%). Still, more than one of the tested fragments seems to be needed to reach the highest BCL-XS reduction under these experimental conditions.

Figure 4
figure 4

PTBP1 binds to multiple PANDAR regions. (a) PTBP1 western blot analysis of pull-down with different biotinylated PANDAR fragments revealed an enrichment of PTBP1 for PANDAR fragments 600–900 nt, 901–1200 nt and 1201–1506 nt, as depicted in the schemeatic overview above. In: input, FT: flowthrough, B: bound fraction. (b) BCL-XS mRNA level are analyzed by RT-qPCR upon overexpression of PANDAR full length in comparison to PANDAR fragments of 300 nt. Shown are mean ± s. d.; n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n. s. = not significant; e. v. = empty vector control; Rq = relative quantity.

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Discussion

By use of the PNA-based PANDAR pull-down followed by quantitative mass spectrometry after SILAC, we were able to determine 22 potential binding candidates of the PANDAR interactome. Depending on the cellular state, the PANDAR expression pattern varies significantly. In proliferative fibroblast, for instance, PANDAR prefers to interact with SAF-A, while in senescent fibroblasts PANDAR interacts with NF-YA12,13. This is supported by our data which verify SAF-A as a PANDAR interactor, whereas NF-YA could not be found in this complex within these cells (Figs 1 and 2). On the basis of further interaction analysis, we could identify PTBP1 and U2AF65 as additional PANDAR interaction partners. Regarding all other candidates detected in our quantitative mass spectrometry analysis, an interaction with PANDAR is still possible. Their low PANDAR binding capacity in our GFP-RIP experiment could be due to a low affinity or an indirect binding via other mediator complexes.

U2AF65 has been shown to interact with the lncRNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1. Thereby, it is retained in sub-nuclear structures and prevented from the recruitment to pre-mRNA20,21. In general, the U2AF65 subunit recognizes polypyrimidine tracts near 3′-splice sites and plays an important role in the assembly of the spliceosome22,23,24. Since those polypyrimidine tracts are also targeted by PTBP1, it has been suggested, that PTBP1 competes with U2AF65 for its binding and regulates alternative splicing processes in this way25,26. Notably, the detailed orchestration of U2AF65 together with PTBP1 in context with PANDAR and its role in splicing regulation needs thorough investigations in the future.

As PTBP1 is our strongest validated candidate (Figs 1 and 2), we focused on its functional role upon PANDAR binding. PTBP1 has been shown to bind to a lncRNA Pnky and regulate expression and splicing of transcripts involved in neuronal differentiation in mouse studies27,28. A comparison between PANDAR and Pnky does not show any identical regions on sequence level still they might be involved in a similar cellular process. As a member of the hnRNP family, PTBP1 is known to be involved in alternative splicing. PTBP1 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of post-transcriptional alternative splicing of the BCL-X pre-mRNA19. Depending on the proteins interacting with this pre-mRNA, BCL-X is spliced into a short (BCL-XS) or large (BCL-XL) variant. While the interaction of Serine/arginine splicing factor 1 leads to anti-apoptotic BCL-XL, its displacement by PTBP1 leads to the pro-apoptotic BCL-XS variant19. Based on this, we investigated if PANDAR interaction modulates the alternative splicing of BCL-X which is regulated by PTBP1. We could show that overexpression of PANDAR leads to a reduced BCL-XS mRNA. This could on the one hand be due to a decoy mechanism of PANDAR, on the other hand the function of other binding partners might be altered, which could cause this effect. However, PTBP1 alone rescues the effect and leads to a normal BCL-XS mRNA level, which strengthens the role of PTBP1 in this PANDAR induced splicing regulation.

Our mapping studies revealed a preferential interaction of PTBP1 to PANDARs 3′-end (Fig. 4a). Here, several pyrimidine-rich elements are located, which could resemble the binding regions for PTBP1 binding with its RNA recognition motifs29. It is well known, that in most cases a sequence specific recognition with a high affinity is not possible for a single RNA binding domain30. Therefore, multiple domains are often required to recognize a longer sequence of RNA. This goes in line with our observation, that multiple PTBP1 binding regions of PANDAR are needed to observe the BCL-XS mRNA splicing effect to the full extend (Fig. 4b).

On the basis of these findings, we propose that the lncRNA PANDAR is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing of BCL-XS mRNA. In a cell with a regular PANDAR RNA expression, PTBP1 is bound to BCL-X pre-mRNA to regulate the alternative splicing of pro-apoptotic BCL-XS mRNA (Fig. 5, left). In contrast to this, in a cell with upregulated PANDAR levels, PANDAR might act as a decoy for PTBP1 and thereby reducing the BCL-XS mRNA variant (Fig. 5, right). The latter could be an explanation for the higher TNM-stages and poor prognosis of PANDAR upregulated cancer types16,17,18. In this scenario, PANDAR could play an important key role by reducing the apoptotic response, based on the decreased pro-apoptotic BCL-XS level.

Figure 5
figure 5

Model of PANDAR involved in splicing regulation. At normal and low PANDAR level, PTBP1 is involved in splicing of the BCL-XS short isoform resulting in its upregulation and pro-apoptotic cellular outcome (left). Upon PANDAR upregulation, PANDAR is bound to PTBP1 and functions as a decoy resulting in a decreased level of BCL-XS splice variant leading to a reduced level of pro-apoptotic response (right). Red ribbon: schematic representation of PANDAR.

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It becomes a compelling biological question for the future to investigate if PANDAR has a broader role and might be a general regulator of alternative splicing by interacting with various splicing proteins. In addition, the modulation of each interaction partner by PANDAR needs further functional analysis, focusing on how it might affect binding partners, localization and cellular behavior. Our new identified PANDAR interactions might open up a new important layer of regulation for the binding partners and also PANDAR itself.

Since PANDAR is known to be upregulated in several cancer types, it would be of utmost importance to investigate, if the identified RNA-protein interactions contribute to the pathological phenotype and might even open up the possibility for new therapeutic targets.

Methods

PNA synthesis and affinity determination via fluorescence polarization assay

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) were specifically designed against the PANDAR sequence (NR_109836.1). A secondary structure model of PANDAR (mfold, Supplementary Fig. 1a) was used to design binding PNA probes hybridizing to open loop conformations that are found in the core body of the RNA (P1: PANDAR 1437–1451 and P2: PANDAR 458–472). A size of 15 bases each was chosen to give enough affinity for the target RNA: PNA_P1 (C-TTGGAGCTGGAGTCA-N) and PNA_P2 (C-CGTCTGTGTTACCGA-N). The synthesis was performed by solid phase synthesis with a NovaSynTGR resin with PNA building blocks (Fmoc-G(Bhoc)-aeg-OH, Fmoc-C(Bhoc)-aeg-OH, Fmoc-A(Bhoc)-aeg-OH, Fmoc-T-aeg-OH) purchased from Link Technologies. Each PNA was coupled to a PEG5 linker (Iris Biotech) and depending on the purpose of use, additionally to either biotin or FITC (Sigma Aldrich). PNA was purified and binding affinity of PNA to PANDAR RNA was analyzed by fluorescence polarization (FP) (Tecan Safire2, λEx: 470 nm, λEm: 525 nm). Therefore, in vitro transcribed full length PANDAR RNA (1506 nt) was serial diluted against 10 nM of FITC-PNA_P1 or FITC-PNA_P2 in 10 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween20. After 3 h of incubation on ice the FP was measured and KD was analyzed.

Cell culture

Human osteosarcoma cells (U-2 OS) were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, PAN Biotech) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (PAN Biotech) and incubated in a humidified chamber with 5% CO2 at 37 °C.

PNA pull-down from total isolated RNA

To analyze the binding of PNA to RNA from total isolated RNA, pull-down experiments were performed. First 50 pmol biotinylated PNA and 5 µg total isolated RNA from stable PANDAR overexpressing U-2 OS cells were incubated for 3 h at 4 °C on a rotating wheel in 10 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA. Next, PNA-RNA complexes were added to Streptavidin magnetic beads (NEB) and incubate for 1 h at 4 °C on a rotating wheel. After magnetic separation and washing, the bound RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA (Quanti Tect Reverse Transcription Kit, Qiagen) and subsequently used for quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (SensiMix SYBR Low-ROX Kit, Bioline) in an Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific). A PANDAR coding plasmid was used as a standard.

Peptide nucleic acid-stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (PNA-SILAC)

To determine PANDAR binding candidates within osteosarcoma cells, cells were cultivated in specialized SILAC medium (DMEM, E15-086, PAA; dialyzed serum, A11-107, PAA) without arginine and lysine supplemented with either “light” arginine and lysine (referred to as Arg0/Lys0; 42 mg/l Arg0 and 73 mg/l Lys0 were used; A6969, L8662, Sigma Aldrich) or “heavy” arginine and lysine (referred to as Arg10/Lys8; 42 mg/l 13C615N4, Arg10 and 73 mg/l 13C615N2 Lsy8 were used, Silantes) for 5 passages as described before31. After incorporation of amino acids into the proteins, cell lysates were spiked with in vitro transcribed PANDAR full length RNA and pulled down with biotinylated PNA pull-down probes (PNA_P1 or PNA_P2). In detail, 50 pmol biotinylated PNA was bound to Streptavidin magnetic beads for 1 h at 4 °C on a rotating wheel. The unbound PNA in the supernatant was removed and 100 pmol in vitro transcribed PANDAR full length RNA was incubated for 1.5 h at 4 °C. The control contained only magnetic beads. Cell pellets were lysed with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% (w/v) SDS, 1% (v/v) NP40, 1 mM PMSF, 1x complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)) for 30 min on ice. To get rid of cell debris, the suspension was centrifuged at 15000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C. To get rid of unbound RNA, PNA-RNA complexes bound to the beads were washed with wash buffer (50 mM TrisCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1x complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)) and the soluble supernatant of the lysates was added to the respective samples. After incubation (1.5 h, 4 °C), samples were magnetically separated and washed three times. After the first wash, samples were combined for forward and reverse experiments respectively in new tubes (Supplementary Fig. 2): Arg0/Lys0 lysate without spiked PANDAR (beads only) and Arg10/Lys8 lysate with spiked PANDAR (referred to as “for” experiment) and in parallel Arg0/Lys0 lysate with spiked PANDAR and Arg10/Lys8 lysate without spiked PANDAR (beads only) (referred to as “rev” experiment). Afterwards, samples were subjected to quantitative mass spectrometry.

Quantitative mass spectrometry

Samples were reduced, alkylated and digested directly on beads with LysC/Trypsin and prepared for LC-MS/MS analysis as previously described32. Digested samples were separated on a Thermo Fisher Scientific EASY-nLC 1000 HPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Odense, Denmark) using a two hours gradient from 5–60% acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and directly sprayed in a quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Q Exactive, Thermo Fisher Scientific) via a nano-electrospray source33. The Q Exactive was operated in data-dependent mode acquiring one survey scan and ten subsequent MS/MS scans34. Resulting raw files were processed with the MaxQuant software (version 1.5.2.18) using the uniprot human database for the search giving deamidation (NQ), oxidation (M) and acetylation at the N-terminus as variable modifications and carbamidomethylation (C) as fixed modification35. A false discovery rate cut off of 1% was applied at the peptide and protein levels. For quantitation we filtered for at least two SILAC ratio counts per protein.

GFP-RNA-immunoprecipitation (GFP-RIP)

pDest-eGFP-CUGBP1 and pDest-eGFP-MBNL1 were gifts from Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand (Addgene plasmid #61276 and #61277), pcDNA3-HtrA2-eGFP was a gift from L. Miguel Martins36. All other potential PANDAR binding candidates were sub-cloned from cDNA into a pcDNA3 mammalian expression vector (Thermo Fisher Scientific), which was modified with an N-terminal eGFP-coding sequence and to be compatible for gateway cloning (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Clones were sequenced and used for transient transfection with Lipofectamin2000 (Invitrogen) for 24 h in a stable PANDAR overexpressing U-2 OS cell line. For each experiment, a eGFP empty vector negative control (pcDNA3-eGFP) was used. After checking the transfection efficiency, cells were washed twice with ice cold PBS and harvested by scraping at 4 °C in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% (w/v) SDS, 1% (v/v) NP40, 1 mM PMSF, 1x complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)). Suspension was incubated on ice for 30 min and shred by using a sterile syringe (24G). Cell lysates were centrifuged for 10 min at 20000 rpm at 4 °C. The supernatant was added to equilibrated GFP-MA-Trap Beads (ChromoTek) and incubated for 2 h on a rotating wheel at 4 °C. After magnetic separation, the flowthrough was harvest to analyze the saturation of eGFP-protein binding to the beads. Afterwards, beads were washed three times with ice cold buffer (10 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA) and split for RNA and protein analysis. Binding of the eGFP-tagged proteins was confirmed by western blotting using an anti-GFP antibody (Table 1). Therefore, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (GE Healthcare) via semidry method with the Trans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Transfer Cell (Bio-Rad). Next, membranes were incubated with 5% milk powder in TBS-T for 1 h at room temperature followed by the incubation with the primary antibody in 5% milk in TBS-T over night at 4 °C. After three washing steps with TBS-T, membranes were incubated with the corresponding alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody in 5% milk in TBS-T for 1 h at room temperature. After three washing steps with TBS-T, western blots were developed by using BCIP/NBT solution (Merck).

Table 1 Antibodies.
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RNA samples were purified by phenol-chloroform extraction. To analyze the bound PANDAR RNA, samples were subjected to RT-qPCR and absolute values determined via a PANDAR coding plasmid. Relative enrichments were calculated over eGFP background control. Promising interaction partner should exceed the median absolute deviation (MAD) from the median of the population by a factor of three (z-score ≥ 3).

Biotinylated-PANDAR pull-down

The candidates with highest PANDAR enrichment were validated by pull-down from osteosarcoma cell lysate utilizing in vitro biotinylated PANDAR RNA. Therefore, in vitro transcription was performed with T7-transcription kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and biotin RNA labeling mix (Roche) for 2 h at 37 °C and DNase treated for 45 min at 37 °C. The RNA was purified with RNA Clean and Concentrator5 (ZymoResearch). The RNA was heated up to 50 °C for 5 min, chilled for 2 min on ice and 15 min at room temperature in 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.0, 100 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2. Equilibrated streptavidin magnetic beads (Dynabeads, Thermo Fisher Scientific) were incubated with the biotinylated PANDAR RNA for 1.5 h at 4 °C on a rotating wheel. To rule out unspecific binding of proteins to streptavidin magnetic beads, beads without RNA were used. The supernatants of cell lysates (as described before) were incubated with either PANDAR coated or empty beads for 2 h at 4 °C on a rotating wheel. After magnetic separation, beads were washed four times with ice cold buffer and resuspended in 1xSDS sample buffer for further western blot analysis (antibodies: Table 1). Western blotting was performed as described above, but membranes were incubated with a HRP-linked secondary antibody and developed via ECL method on an autoradiography film.

Analysis of BCL-XS mRNA level

The PANDAR full length sequence was sub-cloned downstream of a CMV promoter into a modified pcDNA3 vector backbone which additionally carried a eYFP as transfection control (pcDNA3-TcYPF-PANDAR). All PANDAR fragments (containing the nucleotides 1–300, 301–600, 601–900, 901–1200 and 1201–1506) where sub-cloned via Gateway cloning (Thermo) into a Gateway compatible pcDNA3-GW vector backbone. Osteosarcoma cells (U-2 OS) were co-transfected with pcDNA3-TcYPF-PANDAR (or PANDAR fragment containing pcDNA3 plasmids) and either pcDNA3-eGFP-PTBP1 or an empty control plasmid (pcDNA3-eGFP) for 48 h using Lipofectamin 2000 (Invitrogen). Total RNA was extracted (Quick-RNA MicroPrep Kit, Zymo Research), reverse transcribed into cDNA (Quanti Tect Reverse Transcription Kit, Qiagen) and subsequently used for quantitative PCR (SensiMix SYBR Low-ROX Kit, Bioline) in an Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Utilized primer pairs are listed in Table 2. For relative quantification 2−ΔΔCT method was used with GAPDH as reference gene37.

Table 2 qPCR primer.
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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its Supplementary Information files).