Abstract
Solids with competing interactions often undergo complex phase transitions with a variety of long-periodic modulations. Among such transition, devil’s staircase is the most complex phenomenon, and for it, CeSb is the most famous material, where a number of the distinct phases with long-periodic magnetostructures sequentially appear below the Néel temperature. An evolution of the low-energy electronic structure going through the devil’s staircase is of special interest, which has, however, been elusive so far despite 40 years of intense research. Here, we use bulk-sensitive angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and reveal the devil’s staircase transition of the electronic structures. The magnetic reconstruction dramatically alters the band dispersions at each transition. Moreover, we find that the well-defined band picture largely collapses around the Fermi energy under the long-periodic modulation of the transitional phase, while it recovers at the transition into the lowest-temperature ground state. Our data provide the first direct evidence for a significant reorganization of the electronic structures and spectral functions occurring during the devil’s staircase.
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Introduction
An emergence of spatially modulated structures such as ordered magnetostructures1, charge-density waves2, and orbital orders3 is very common in condensed matters. Their modes can be characterized by a particular periodicity and symmetry, both of which are often related to an underlying electronic instability4 since the quasiparticle excitation should be subjected to the boundary newly generated, in addition to that of the periodic crystal lattice. When several different modes compete with each other, the system is influenced by the frustration and consequently exhibits rather complex properties5: in particular, a long-period modulation tends to be build up, causing exceedingly complex phase transitions. The most complex phenomenon is known as “devil’s staircase”6, which was discovered in the magnetically ordered CeSb more than 40 years ago7.
At zero-field, the seven phases with different magnetostructures sequentially appear one after another with decreasing temperature below Néel temperature (TN) ~ 17 K8,9,10,11 (Fig. 1a). They comprise stacking of the Ising-like ferromagnetic (001) planes with the moment of ~2 μB perpendicular to the plane, and differ in the sequence of the square wave modulation (q). The ground state is established below ~8 K (TAF) as the antiferromagnetic (AF) phase with the double-layer stacking of the ferromagnetic planes. As a symbolic property of the devil’s staircase, various transitional phases show up just below the TN, where the double-layer AF modulation is periodically locked by the rest paramagnetic (P) layer. Hereafter we call these transitional phases antiferroparamagnetic (AFP) phases. The transition from AFP5 to AFP6 phase occurs without a clear change of the q vector8 but with a large variation of entropy10.
The very existence of the devil’s staircase poses questions of how the modulation of the Ce 4f states manifests itself in electronic structures; this has been a longtime issue to be addressed to understand the mechanism of the fascinating phenomenon. So far, the paramagnetic electronic structure with the semimetallic feature was well documented in detail12,13,14,15: two hole pockets of Sb 5p at Γ point and an electron pocket of Ce 5d at X point (Fig. 1b). Under the AF modulation, these bands should be transformed from a cubic to a tetragonal structure in the reduced Brillouin zone (BZ) (Fig. 1c), and the consequent band folding is theoretically expected to generate hybridization gaps at the Fermi energy (EF)16. In addition, the theory has also pointed out importance of interactions between the localized 4f states and mobile electrons17,18,19,20, particularly intralayer hybridizations with the Sb 5p electrons (p–f mixing)18,20, to explain the anomalous properties of CeSb below TN. While the 4fΓ7 state is the ground state of the Ce3+ ions in P phase, through the quadrupolar p–f mixing, the cruciform 4fΓ8 orbit close to a fully polarized state of Jz = ∣±5/2> is favored as a ground state in the ferromagnetic plane18,20. This cruciform 4fΓ8 orbit is responsible for the strong magnetic anisotropy21, cubic-to-tetragonal lattice distortions along 4f moment22,23,24, and a dramatic change in the electron transport25,26,27,28, all of which coincide with the devilish behavior. Momentum-resolved spectral function obtained by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)29 should be an ideal probe to reveal the compatible transitions of the electronic structure and spectral transfer related to underlying electronic instability30. However, in earlier ARPES reports31,32,33,34, no systematic investigation over the devil’s staircase particularly for the transitional AFP phases has been reported, and hence no correspondence for the devil’s staircase has been achieved so far.
In this study, we use laser-based ARPES to directly visualize the electronic structures of CeSb developing through the devil’s staircase. In contrast to the previous reports31,32,33,34, the high-energy resolution and bulk-sensitivity achieved by utilizing a low-energy laser source (hν = 7 eV)35 enables us to obtain high-quality spectra, which now unravels the significant reconstruction of the itinerant bands. The response of conducting bands to the 4f order is sensitively changed at each distinct transition of the devil’s staircase, and it exposes the strong electronic anisotropy across TN. Interestingly, the well-defined band picture with coherent quasiparticles is verified in the lowest-temperature phase, AF phase (T < TAF), whereas it partially collapses in momentum space around EF under the emergence of the long-periodic modulation in AFP6 phase.
Results
Spatial mapping for tetragonal domains
Let us start by showing that the tetragonal transition across TN forms multiple domains randomly distributed in the crystal at zero-field (the definitions of the domain are described in Supplementary Fig. 1). It is necessary to discriminate these tetragonal domains in measurements by macroscopic probes such as ARPES; otherwise, the mixture of the signatures from the domains easily obscures the intrinsic electronic properties. While the presence of such domains was previously argued8,9, no direct observation for it has been so far reported. We, therefore, use the polarizing microscope36 and spatially map the tetragonal domains on the cleaved (001) surface in Fig. 2e. The optical birefringence is clearly observed in the difference between the microscope images obtained above and below TN (Fig. 2c, d, respectively). In our optical geometry, the red- and blue-colored areas should exhibit the distribution of the domain with the 4f moment lying along either [100] or [010] (we call hereafter ab-domain, Fig. 2a), while the white-colored area indicating no birefringence effect corresponds to the region for the other domain with the moment along [001] (c-domain, Fig. 2b). Since the optical property is tied to the electronic structure, the observed birefringence already indicates a presence of the anisotropic reconstruction below TN.
Impacts of the 4f order on the electronic structure
In order to directly observe the reconstruction of the electronic bands due to the 4f order, we employed bulk-sensitive laser-ARPES with a spot size of less than 50 μm, sufficiently small to selectively observe the different tetragonal domains (circle in Fig. 2e). Our laser with a low hν sensitively detects the bulk band dispersions at kz ~ 0.2 Å−1 (Fig. 3a, Supplementary Fig. 2). Accordingly, the laser-ARPES map of P phase displays two hole-like parabolas near EF (Fig. 3g), showing a good agreement with the DFT bands of Sb 5p hole bands (Fig. 3j).
We now show that the itinerant bands are significantly reconstructed by the emergence of the 4f order and transformed to those with anisotropic symmetry due to the backfolding of the BZ (see Fig. 1c). Consequently, our laser-ARPES can determine, by resolving ab- and c-domains, the folded FSs on the different momentum sheets in their reduced BZ (yellow planes in Fig. 3b, c). The clear signatures for the reconstruction are presented in the laser-ARPES maps (Fig. 3h, i) obtained at 7.0 K below TAF (AF phase) at the different positions of the same cleaved surface. Even just a glance at Fig. 3i reveals a huge transformation in the electronic structure due to the emergence of a number of the folded bands. In sharp contrast, the band transformation is very weak in Fig. 3h. This contrastive feature is qualitatively consistent with the DFT calculations separately considering ab- and c-domains (Fig. 3k, l, respectively) with the backfolding of bands into each reduced BZ. In particular, the impact of the backfolding is more effective at the measured kz plane for c-domain (inset of Fig. 3c) than that for ab-domain (inset of Fig. 3b). Correspondingly, the folded electron bands are observed only for c-domains (Fig. 3i, and blue lines in Fig. 3l). These results thus unveil the dramatic reconstruction of the itinerant bands, which fully converts the electronic periodicity from cubic to tetragonal symmetry. In passing, we note, while the third domain should exist as a counterpart of ab-domain (see Fig. 2a, also in Supplementary Fig. 1), it cannot be disentangled by our laser-ARPES because the discrepancy of the dispersions along kx and ky lines is rather weak at the measured kz plane (Fig. 3e, Supplementary Fig. 3).
In Fig. 3m–o, we show the enlarged laser-ARPES images of the rectangular regions in Fig. 3g–i, to further examine the electronic reconstruction in the vicinity of EF. Our data reveal that the backfolding of the Ce 5d electron bands causes hybridizations with the Sb 5p hole bands (p–d mixing) where they cross each other (arrows in Fig. 3l), leading to a significant modification in their band structures. As a consequence of the p–d mixing, the zigzag-shaped dispersion is observed at E − EF ~ −0.08 eV in our data of c-domain (Fig. 3o). This band dispersion is characterized to be relatively flat, opening a hybridization gap larger than 50 meV below EF (arrow in Fig. 3o). Such reconstruction should reduce the electronic energy, which is favorable in stabilizing the double-layer modulation of AF phase16.
The earlier ARPES study confirmed an increment of the hole pocket volume in the ordered phase31, which was theoretically attributed to the enhanced quadrupole interaction between the Sb 5p state and the cruciform 4fΓ8 orbit18,20. Our data of ab-domain well capture this effect: the main hole band in AF phase shifts upward in energy with respect to that in P phase (white lines in Fig. 3m, n). Consequently, we clearly observe a Fermi pocket at the measured kz plane in AF phase (Fig. 3e).
A more astonishing finding in our data is that the spectral weight of the folded bands is very large and present in a wide energy range (Fig. 3i). The strong fingerprint for the folded bands, captured by our bulk-sensitive laser-ARPES, largely differs from the results obtained by previous surface-sensitive ARPES measurements31,32,33. Moreover, our result contrasts with the usual framework considered with long-range order models37. In these, the spectral transfer relies on the coupling strength with the modulation field, which is generally too weak to complete the transfer of whole spectral weight38. Apparently, the dramatic behavior seen in CeSb indicates that the itinerant carriers sufficiently feel the periodicity and symmetry of the ordered 4f states. The strong coupling deduced from the spectral property in our data cannot be explained by the magnetic boundary which often only generates a weak signature of shadow bands in ARPES39,40,41,42. The observed band folding with intensive spectral weight is likely induced by the underlying arrangement of the cruciform 4fΓ8 orbit20,21,23,24 in ordered CeSb, which can electronically couple to the itinerant carriers and thus directly influence the electron motions. This experimental hallmark elucidates the dramatic change of the electronic transport through the devil’s staircase25,26,27,28.
The significant reordering of the electronic structure together with the devil’s staircase and upon the anisotropic 4f modulation field has been so far evaded from the experimental detection for a longtime despite the 40 years of intense researches. Our high-quality data capture it and therefore provide the first opportunity of tracing the temperature evolution of electronic structure going through the devil’s staircase. We verify changes of the spectral response at each transition for c- and ab-domains by comparing the ARPES images to the long periodicity developing through a number of the AFP transitions. Eventually, the clear signature of the band folding obtained for c-domain substantiates the devil’s staircase transition of the electronic band structures (see Fig. 4). We also reveal another important aspect of the devil’s staircase state through the spectral observation of ab-domain: the band picture collapses by losing long-lived quasiparticle near EF under the emergence of the long-periodic modulation in AFP6 phase (see Fig. 5). We will present all of these observations below.
The devil’s staircase transition of the electronic bands
Figure 4a summarizes the temperature evolution of the laser-ARPES images for c-domain across TN, acquired with changing temperature with a 0.5 K step. In Fig. 4b–i, we present the representative images for all the different phases and the corresponding momentum distribution curves (MDCs). At T = 16.5 K (AFP1 phase, Fig. 4c), the data display the folded electron and hole bands (the dashed lines) in addition to the main hole band (the solid lines). These bands begin to hybridize through p–d mixing only with a slight decrease in temperature by 0.5 K (AFP2 phase at T = 16.0 K, Fig. 4d), transforming into the M-shaped dispersion. As the 4f modulation gets a longer periodicity with going from AFP2 to AFP6 phase, the hybridized band further splits in energy (colored lines in Fig. 4d–f), and a number of the new bands appear. Other transformations of the bands found in our laser-ARPES images are presented in Supplementary Fig. 4. The dramatic evolution of the electronic structure is summarized also in Supplementary Movie 1.
In Fig. 4j–l, the devil’s staircase of the electronic structure is demonstrated as the temperature evolution of the MDCs at EF. One can clearly see a series of quasiparticle peaks that dynamically appear and disappear as a function of temperature (Fig. 4j). This behavior can also be traced in the two-dimensional intensity map of the MDCs and its curvature plot43 (Fig. 4k and l, respectively). For instance, the main peak for AFP3 phase is observed at kx ~ 0.14 Å−1 only in a limited temperature range (orange arrow), and disappears at the transition to AFP4 phase. Instead, the new peak appears at kx ~ 0.12 Å−1 (green arrow) and at ~0.11 Å−1 for AFP5 phase (blue arrow). The abrupt change of the spectra displays the temperature of each distinct transition in the devil’s staircase, which almost matches with that determined by the previous specific heat measurement10 (horizontal solid lines in Fig. 4k, l).
A major transition of the 4f order occurs at TAF ~ 8 K, in which the P layers of AFP magnetostructures disappear in the whole crystal (see Fig. 1a). This impact can be observed in our data as the disappearance of quasiparticle peaks at kx ~ 0.14 and 0.17 Å−1 (black circles in Fig. 4j, l), which corresponds to a contraction of the periodicity in the 4f modulation from AFP6 to AF phase. These results demonstrate that the band structure of the conducting electrons sensitively relies on the periodicity of the 4f modulation.
Spectral anomaly by the long-periodic modulation
In contrast to the well-defined bands observed in c-domain (Fig. 4), our high-quality data obtained in ab-domain reveal that the band picture collapses around EF by losing quasiparticle peaks in AFP6 with the long-periodic modulation (Fig. 5). This indicates that not only the spectral peak positions (or energy states) but also their spectral weight are crucial quantities to investigate in fully understanding the electronic properties of the complex devil’s staircase state. Figure 5a exhibits the temperature evolution of the laser-ARPES images for ab-domain across TN, acquired with changing temperature with a 0.5 K step (see also Supplementary Movie 1). The significant variation is found through the transitions from AFP5 to AF phase: the well-defined band disperses across EF, forming the main hole band in AF phase (Fig. 5d), whereas the clear Fermi pocket is eliminated in AFP5 phase by the energy gap (hybridization gap) opened around EF due to the hybridization between the main and folded bands, and instead the M-shaped band is formed below E − EF = −0.12 eV (Fig. 5b). This temperature evolution of the band structures is schematically illustrated in Fig. 5e. In Fig. 5f, g, we present band structures in three dimensions for AFP5 and AF phases, respectively, by plotting the spectral intensity both for the FS surface and energy dispersion; these demonstrate that the opening of the hybridization gap widely takes place in the observed k region under the magnetic modulation of a long periodicity in AFP5 phase.
To better understand the temperature evolution going from AFP5 to AF phase, we extract the energy distribution curves at a kF point for AF phase in Fig. 5h. In the top and bottom panels, the spectra are plotted with and without an offset, respectively. The spectral shape is drastically changed within a very narrow range of temperatures between 11.5 and 7.0 K. Significantly, the spectral weight of the quasiparticle peak near EF at 7.0 K (blue lines, AF phase) is completely transferred to higher binding energies at 11.5 K (green lines, AFP5 phase), yielding a peak for another energy state of the folded band (a blue arrow).
We find that the significant spectral transfer occurs only in the AFP6 phase whereas the spectral shape is almost unchanged with temperature in the other two phases (AFP5 and AF phases), as demonstrated from Fig. 5i to k by separately overlapping spectra for each phase. Consequently, an abnormal spectral feature is obtained in AFP6 phase: the spectral weight near EF and that for the folded band becomes comparable as schematically illustrated in Fig. 5e with dashed lines. This unusual state in AFP6 phase manifests the pseudogap-like anomaly without the long-lived quasiparticle (indicated by a red arrow in the middle cartoon of Fig. 5e), which substantially differs from the band reconstructions associated both with opening the hybridization gap in AFP5 phase (left cartoon of Fig. 5e) and with forming a clear hole pocket in AF phase (right cartoon of Fig. 5e). Let us, however, remind that the well-defined bands are observable even in the AFP phases for c-domain, in which we cut the different momentum plane (Fig. 4). We thus conclude that the pseudogap-like anomaly without the well-defined band appears in a portion of the tetragonal FSs.
Our data clearly reveal that the emergence of the ordered 4f states reorganizes not only the electronic structures but also spectral property, sensitively depending on the periodicity and symmetry of the 4f modulation. These experimental observations give a new electronic insight to the devil’s staircase beyond the general studies of the localized 4f electrons, and strongly suggest that the devil’s staircase nature results from the electronically driven instability. In the spatially modulated systems, electronic instability is often observed as pseudogap behaviors in the ground state44,45,46. Unlike the typical cases, however, our data of ordered CeSb exhibit such a spectral anomaly in the transitional phase at temperatures (TN > T > TAF) slightly higher than that of the lowest-temperature phase where the quasiparticle coherence is recovered below TAF. This unique property suggests the presence of electronic instabilities competing with each other in the transitional AFP phases, which is of importance for understanding the mechanism of the devil’s staircase. With these our results, we hope to simulate the advanced theories including the electronic correlation effect and the coupling with the ordered 4f state, which is capable of explaining the observed spectral response from first principles.
Finally, we emphasize that the direct observation of the dramatic reconstruction previously refused by surface-sensitive ARPES31,32,33 has now become possible owing to the advantage of low hν source, which allows the acquisition of high-quality data to precisely determine the bulk electronic state. Since the magnetostructure phase transition of CeSb presents the most complex phenomena among those of Ce monopnictides CeX (X: P, As, Sb, or Bi)47, it is rather interesting to systematically investigate all the CeX by ARPES with a low hν laser, and compare the low-energy electronic structures in the ordered phases of these compounds. Such systematic investigation would give a great insight into the electronically competing states causing the devil’s staircase.
Methods
Sample growth
CeSb single crystals were grown by the Brigdman method with a sealed tungsten crucible and high-frequency induction furnace. High-purity Ce (5N) and Sb (5N) metals with the respective composition ratio were used as starting materials. The obtained samples were characterized by the DebyeScherrer method.
Polarized microscopy measurements
The polarizing image measurement was performed at ISSP, the University of Tokyo48. The sample temperature was controlled in the range of 8–20 K. A 100 W halogen lamp (U-LH100L-3, Olympus) was used to obtain bright images. The flat (001) surfaces for imaging were prepared by cleavage in the atmosphere, and the sample was immediately installed to the vacuum chamber within 10 min. The polarizing microscope images were taken in crossed Nicols configuration with the optical principal axes along [110].
Angle-resolved photoemission experiments
The high-resolution laser-ARPES was performed at ISSP, the University of Tokyo35. The energy (angular) resolution was set to 2 meV (0.3∘). The temperature stability during each scan was better than ±0.1 K. A Scienta-Omicron R4000 hemispherical electron analyzer was used, with a vertical entrance slit and the light incident in the horizontal plane. The linear polarization with the electric field aligned on the incident plane was used. The synchrotron radiation ARPES experiments with tunable low hν were performed at the BL-9A beamline of Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center (HiSOR) and the BL7U beamline of UVSOR-III. The experiments were carried out with Scienta-Omicron R4000 analyzer (HiSOR) and MBS A-1 analyzer (UVSOR), respectively. The energy resolution was better than 15 meV, and the angular-resolution was 0.3∘. In all of these ARPES experiments, the base pressure in the chamber was better than 1 × 10−8 Pa. The crystals were cleaved in situ at the measurement temperature (T = 10 K). For the measurements of the temperature dependence, the ARPES images were scanned from the lower to higher temperatures.
Calculations
The DFT band structure calculations were performed using the VASP package49,50, with the experimental lattice constant. All of the calculations were done within non-spin-polarized approximation with spin–orbit correction (SOC). To approximate electron exchange-correlation energy, GGA functional was used. In addition, the Hubbard correction U was employed within DFT+U method to improve the electron–electron repulsion for Ce 5d electrons. The large U value (7 eV) was necessary used to reproduce the bulk band dispersions, particularly the energy position of the 5d band bottom, observed by our previous soft X-ray ARPES14. The Kohn–Sham equation was solved through the PAW method, and the wave functions were expanded by a plane wave basis set with a cutoff energy of 700 eV. The Ce 4f electrons were treated as core electrons in all of the calculations. The integration over the Brillouin zone was done using 16 × 16 × 16 Monkhorst-pack mesh.
We also have conducted spin-polarized calculation including 4f electrons into valance states, and the result is compared to that with non-spin-polarized calculations (see Supplementary Fig. 5). In this part of the calculations, we have to apply Hubbard correction into 4f electrons within the DFT+U method otherwise, 4f related states wrongly will appear at EF. For both of these calculations (i.e. spin-polarized and non-spin-polarized), we use full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) implemented in Fleur code. In DFT+U, we are allowed to apply Hubbard U into only one type of orbital per atom. To make a sensible comparison between spin-polarized and non-spin-polarized, we should also implement Hubbard U into 4f electrons for non-spin-polarized. Thus, we cannot additionally apply U into 5d electron of Ce in both cases, and consequently, the energy position of the Ce 5d band differs from the experimental one.
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge O. Sakai, K. Iwasa, T. Osakabe, Y. Tada, T. Shimozawa, and H. Kusunose for fruitful discussions and T. Hashimoto, T. Tsuzuki, Y. Ota, and Y. Ishida for supports of experiments. This work was supported by MEXT Quantum Leap Flagship Program (MEXT Q-LEAP, Grant No. JPMXS0118068681), by Grants in Aid for Scientific Research (Grant Nos. JP19H00651, JP19H02683, JP19F19030, JP18H01165, JP16H06345) and by Grants-in-Aids for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, “Quantum Liquid Crystals” (Grant Nos. 19H05825, JP19H05826) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. M. Alaei acknowledges the support of the Iran Science Elites Federation (ISEF).
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K. Kuroda and Y.A. conducted laser-ARPES experiments and analyzed the data. S.K., S.S., C.B., R.N., M.N., S.A., M.S., K. Kawaguchi, M.A., S.I., K.T., K.O., S.S., and T.K. supported ARPES experiments. H.S.S. and H.K. made high-quality CeSb single crystals. K. Kuroda, Y.A., S.S., Y.K., and M.T. performed polarizing microscopy. N.R., M.A., and R.A. calculated the band structures. H.S.S., Y.H., and R.A. provided theoretical insights. K. Kuroda and T.K. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.
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Kuroda, K., Arai, Y., Rezaei, N. et al. Devil's staircase transition of the electronic structures in CeSb. Nat Commun 11, 2888 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16707-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16707-6
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