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  • Review Article
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Breeding of ornamental orchids with focus on Phalaenopsis: current approaches, tools, and challenges for this century

Heredity volume 132, pages 163–178 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Ornamental orchid breeding programs have been conducted to develop commercially valuable cultivars with improved characteristics of commercial interest, such as size, flower color, pattern, shape, and resistance to pathogens. Conventional breeding, including sexual hybridization followed by selection of desirable characteristics in plants, has so far been the main method for ornamental breeding, but other techniques, including mutation induction by polyploidization and gamma irradiation, and biotechnological techniques, such as genetic transformation, have also been studied and used in ornamental breeding programs. Orchids are one of the most commercially important families in floriculture industry, having very particular reproductive biology characteristics and being a well-studied group of ornamentals in terms of genetic improvement. The present review focuses on the conventional and biotechnological techniques and approaches specially employed in breeding Phalaenopsis orchids, the genus with highest worldwide importance as an ornamental orchid, highlighting the main limitations and strengths of the approaches. Furthermore, new opportunities and future prospects for ornamental breeding in the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing era are also discussed. We conclude that conventional hybridization remains the most used method to obtain new cultivars in orchids. However, the emergence of the first biotechnology-derived cultivars, as well as the new biotechnological tools available, such as CRISPR-Cas9, rekindled the full potential of biotechnology approaches and their importance for improve ornamental orchid breeding programs.

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Fig. 1: Biotechnological and conventional approaches for orchid breeding.
Fig. 2: Conventional hybridization by hand-cross pollination, seed obtaining and in vitro development of seedlings of Phalaenopsis orchids.
Fig. 3: Heritability of the ‘Harlequin’ trait in Phalaenopsis orchids.

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Acknowledgements

CMI and JAVA thanks to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. CMI and JCC thank to São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant 2020/09426-4 and n° 2018/20673-3. JCC thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) for funding the Project 311083/2018-8. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. This work is supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project 7001563. The authors would like to especially thank the Editor of Heredity, Prof. Dr. Frank Hailer, for his great efforts and intellectual and editorial contributions to improving the quality of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Tissue Culture, Department of Biotechnology, Plant and Animal Production, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (CCA/UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, CEP13600–970, Araras, SP, Brazil

    Carla Midori Iiyama, Joe Abdul Vilcherrez-Atoche & Jean Carlos Cardoso

  2. Graduate Program in Plant Production and Associated Bioprocesses, CCA/UFSCar, Araras, Brazil

    Carla Midori Iiyama, Joe Abdul Vilcherrez-Atoche & Jean Carlos Cardoso

  3. Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

    Maria Antonietta Germanà

  4. Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Wagner Aparecido Vendrame

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  1. Carla Midori Iiyama
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  2. Joe Abdul Vilcherrez-Atoche
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  3. Maria Antonietta Germanà
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  4. Wagner Aparecido Vendrame
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  5. Jean Carlos Cardoso
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Contributions

CMI: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, project administration, visualization, writing—original draft. JAV-A: data curation, investigation, validation, writing—review & editing. JCC: conceptualization, validation, funding acquisition, supervision, validation, writing, review, and editing. MAG: writing, reviewing, and editing. WAV: writing, reviewing, and editing.

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Correspondence to Carla Midori Iiyama or Jean Carlos Cardoso.

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Iiyama, C.M., Vilcherrez-Atoche, J.A., Germanà, M.A. et al. Breeding of ornamental orchids with focus on Phalaenopsis: current approaches, tools, and challenges for this century. Heredity 132, 163–178 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-024-00671-8

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