Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Nutritional status of infants and young children in India across three decades: Analysis of five national family health surveys

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2024)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background

Three indicators of early childhood undernutrition and associated factors are evaluated among under-5 children in five National Family Health Surveys in India spanning 1992 to 2021.

Methods

Data for 533,495 children under 5 years of age (U–5) were analysed in the context of three commonly used indicators of early childhood undernutrition – wasting, stunting and underweight. In addition to descriptive and inferential statistics, binary logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of specific explanatory factors on the three indicators using adjusted odds ratios.

Results

Over the three-decade interval, stunting was reduced by 22.1% in boys and 20.9% in girls, followed by underweight, 19.3% in boys and 17.4% in girls; wasting, in contrast, was reduced to a considerably lesser extent, 2.8% in boys and 0.9% in girls. Demographic, maternal and socioeconomic factors were associated with the incidence of early childhood undernutrition, specifically among young mothers and those with less education in low-income families, and among children from Scheduled Tribes or Scheduled Castes. Stunting and underweight declined significantly over the past three decades while wasting changed negligibly. The disparity in the occurrence of early childhood undernutrition was apparent throughout socioeconomic categories and regions of India.

Conclusions

The results highlight the need for special programs aimed at reducing waste among children and also the need for customized initiatives focused on the improvement of maternal education and wealth in addition to other ancillary factors related to regional variation.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1
Fig. 2: Undernutrition trends.
Fig. 3: Rate map showing changes in wasting, stunting and underweight from NFHS-1 through NFHS-5 by regions.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The NFHS datasets are available at https://dhsprogram.com/Data/.

References

  1. UNICEF. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the situation of children and women: Malnutrition. UNICEF for every child 2021. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/.

  2. UNICEF. Nutrition, for Every Child: UNICEF Nutrition Strategy 2020–2030. New York: UNICEF; 2020. https://www.unicef.org/reports/nutrition-strategy-2020-2030.

    Google Scholar 

  3. WHO. Nutrition. In: WHO, editor. 2018. Switzerland: World Health Organization; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/nutrition.

  4. Jain I, Oberoi S, Jain A, Balgir RS, Sandhu MK, Lugani Y. Factors affecting the nutritional status of Anganwadi children: A cross-sectional study. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2020;9:4613–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33209771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wells JC, Briend A, Boyd EM, Berkely JA, Hall A, Isanaka S, et al. Beyond wasted and stunted—a major shift to fight child undernutrition. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:831–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Griffiths P, Hindet A, Matthews Z. Infant and child mortality in three culturally contrasting states of India. J Biosoc Sci. 2001;33:603–22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11683227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chehab RF, Cross TL, Forman MR. The gut microbiota: a promising target in the relation between complementary feeding and child undernutrition. Adv Nutr. 2021;12:969–79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33216115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Thurstans S, Sessions N, Dolan C, Sadler K, Cichon B, Isanaka S, et al. The relationship between wasting and stunting in young children: A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2022;18:e13246. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34486229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al., editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2006. 2nd ed. Washington (DC), New York.

  10. UNICEF/WHO/WBG. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2021 edition of the joint child malnutrition estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240025257.

    Google Scholar 

  11. WHO. Underweight among children under 5 years of age (number in millions) (JME). 2022: World Health Organization; [cited 2022 20 Jul]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/gho-jme-underweight-numbers-(in-millions).

  12. IIPS, ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5): 2019-21 India. 2021. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS); Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-OF43-Other-Fact-Sheets.cfm.

  13. WHO. Children: improving survival and well-being. 2020. World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality.

  14. von Grebmer K, Bernstein J, Resnick D, Wiemers M, Reiner L, Bachmeier M, et al. 2022 Global Hunger Index: Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance. Bonn and Dublin: Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide; 2022. Available from: https://www.globalhungerindex.org/download/all.html.

  15. Marotz LR. Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child. 8th ed. Belmont, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Parízková J. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health in Early Life. 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Arora C. Child Nutrition. Jaipur, India: ABD Publishers; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Blössner M, De Onis M, Prüss-Üstün A. Malnutrition: quantifying the health impact at national and local levels / Monika Blössner and Mercedes de Onis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43120.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bharati S, Pal M, Bharati P. Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India. J Biosoc Sci. 2008;40:801–14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18442431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim J, Liu Y, Wang W, Blossom JC, Dwivedi LK, James KS, et al. Estimating the burden of child undernutrition for smaller electoral units in India. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2129416. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34714345.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Rajia S, Sabiruzzaman M, Islam MK, Hossain MG, Lestrel PE. Trends and future of maternal and child health in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0211875. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30875380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. UN. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021. New York; 2021. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/.

  23. Wachs TD. Multiple influences on children’s nutritional deficiencies: A systems perspective. Physiol Behav. 2008;94:48–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Elmighrabi NF, Fleming CAK, Dhami MV, Elmabsout AA, Agho KE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of childhood undernutrition in North Africa. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0283685. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37023076.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Agabiirwe CN, Dambach P, Methula TC, Phalkey RK. Impact of floods on undernutrition among children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Environ Health. 2022;21:98 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36274126.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Buttner N, Heemann M, De Neve JW, Verguet S, Vollmer S, Harttgen K. Economic growth and childhood malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2342654 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37943556.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Ferdous F, Filteau S, Schwartz NB, Gumede-Moyo S, Cox SE. Association of postnatal severe acute malnutrition with pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in children and adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2022;129:1–34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35504844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. NHM. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A): Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2013 [Available from: https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=794&lid=168.

  29. NHM. India Newborn Action Plan: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 2014, Government of India; [Available from: https://nhm.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=153&lid=174.

  30. NHM. Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 2013, Government of India; [Available from: https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=4&sublinkid=1190&lid=583.

  31. NHM. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 2011, Government of India; [Available from: https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=3&sublinkid=842&lid=308.

  32. Nguyen PH, Scott S, Headey D, Singh N, Tran LM, Menon P, et al. The double burden of malnutrition in India: Trends and inequalities (2006-2016). PLoS One. 2021;16:e0247856 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Soni A, Fahey N, Bhutta Z, Li W, Moore Simas T, Nimbalkar S, et al. Association of trends in child undernutrition and implementation of the National Rural Health Mission in India: A nationally representative serial cross-sectional study on data from 1992 to 2015. PLoS Med. 2022;19:e1003957 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35395023.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Parameswaran N. Childhood undernutrition trends in India - What is our direction and speed? Indian J Pediatr. 2023;90:959–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37592102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. WHO. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: WHO Press; 2006. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mahumud RA, Gow J, Sarker AR, Sultana M, Hossain G, Alam K. Distribution of wealth-stratified inequalities on maternal and child health parameters and influences of maternal-related factors on improvements in child health survival rate in Bangladesh. J Child Health Care. 2021;25:93–109. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32207324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pravana NK, Piryani S, Chaurasiya SP, Kawan R, Thapa RK, Shrestha S. Determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under 5 years of age in Nepal: a community-based case-control study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e017084 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28851796.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Sarker AR, Sultana M, Sheikh N, Akram R, Ali N, Mahumud RA, et al. Inequality of childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh: A decomposition approach. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2020;35:441–68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31702080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sheikh N, Akram R, Ali N, Haque SR, Tisha S, Mahumud RA, et al. Infant and young child feeding practice, dietary diversity, associated predictors, and child health outcomes in Bangladesh. J Child Health Care. 2020;24:260–73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31159554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sheikh N, Sultana M, Ali N, Akram R, Mahumud RA, Asaduzzaman M, et al. Coverage, timelines, and determinants of incomplete immunization in Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2018; 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030072. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30274468.

  41. Sultana M, Sarker AR, Sheikh N, Akram R, Ali N, Mahumud RA, et al. Prevalence, determinants and health care-seeking behavior of childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0210433 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30629689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Subramanian SV, Nandy S, Irving M, Gordon D, Lambert H, Davey Smith G. The mortality divide in India: the differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:818–25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16571702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Vart P, Jaglan A, Shafique K. Caste-based social inequalities and childhood anemia in India: results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2005-2006. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:537 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26044618.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Futschik A, Taus T, Zehetmayer S. An omnibus test for the global null hypothesis. Stat Methods Med Res. 2019;28:2292–304. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29635962.

    Article  MathSciNet  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ma Y, Hart JD, Janicki R, Carroll RJ. Local and omnibus goodness-of-fit tests in classical measurement error models. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol. 2011;73:81–98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339886.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Karlsson O, Kim R, Sarwal R, James KS, Subramanian SV. Trends in underweight, stunting, and wasting prevalence and inequality among children under three in Indian states, 1993–2016. Sci Rep. 2021;11:14137. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93493-1.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. WHO. Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS) country profile indicators: interpretation guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44397.

    Google Scholar 

  48. WHO. Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLiS) country profile indicators: interpretation guide. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332223.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e203386 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32320037.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Amadu I, Seidu AA, Duku E, Boadu Frimpong J, Hagan Jnr JE, Aboagye RG, et al. Risk factors associated with the coexistence of stunting, underweight, and wasting in children under 5 from 31 sub-Saharan African countries. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e052267 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34930735.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Danso F, Appiah MA. Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting and wasting among children of ages 1 to 5 years in Nkwanta South Municipality, Ghana. Nutrition. 2023;110:111996 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37003173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Tiwari I, Acharya K, Paudel YR, Sapkota BP, Kafle RB. Planning of births and childhood undernutrition in Nepal: evidence from a 2016 national survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1788 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33238952.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, Wali N, Renzaho AMN, Merom D Stunting, Wasting and underweight in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080863. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28788108.

  54. Khan S, Zaheer S, Safdar NF. Determinants of stunting, underweight and wasting among children < 5 years of age: Evidence from 2012–2013 Pakistan demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:358 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935382.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Sahiledengle B, Mwanri L, Petrucka P, Kumie A, Beressa G, Atlaw D, et al. Determinants of undernutrition among young children in Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2022;12:20945 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36470914.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Beal T, Tumilowicz A, Sutrisna A, Izwardy D, Neufeld LM. A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14:e12617 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29770565.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Nwosu CO, Ataguba JE. Explaining changes in wealth inequalities in child health: The case of stunting and wasting in Nigeria. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0238191 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32925960.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Odei Obeng-Amoako GA, Karamagi CAS, Nangendo J, Okiring J, Kiirya Y, Aryeetey R, et al. Factors associated with concurrent wasting and stunting among children 6–59 months in Karamoja, Uganda. Matern Child Nutr. 2021;17:e13074 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32830434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Chatterjee K, Sinha RK, Kundu AK, Shankar D, Gope R, Nair N, et al. Social determinants of inequities in under-nutrition (weight-for-age) among under-5 children: a cross sectional study in Gumla district of Jharkhand, India. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:104 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27391031.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Ghosh S, Varerkar SA. Undernutrition among tribal children in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0212560 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30811462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Chowdhury MRK, Khan HTA, Mondal MNI, Kabir R. Socio-demographic risk factors for severe malnutrition in children aged under five among various birth cohorts in Bangladesh. J Biosoc Sci. 2021;53:590–605. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32787991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mkhize M, Sibanda M. A review of selected studies on the factors associated with the nutrition status of children under the age of five years in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217973.

  63. Liczbinska G, Gautam RK, Bharati P, Malina RM. Body size and weight status of adult Indian males born in the 1890s through 1950s: Age and secular change in the context of demographic, economic and political transformation. Am J Hum Biol. 2023;35:e23939. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23939.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Liczbinska G, Gautam RK, Bharati P, Malina RM. Regional variation in body size and estimated secular change among adult Indian males born in the 1890s-1950s. Anthropol Anz. 2024;81:219–32. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2023/1741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Liczbinska G, Gautam RK, Bharati P, Malina RM. Variation in body size and weight status among Hindu and Muslim Indian males born in the 1890s through the 1950s. Sci Rep. 2024;14:4189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54637-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for providing data. This study had no grant, technical or corporate support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, 700126, West Bengal, India

    Ramendra Nath Kundu & Arna Chatterjee

  2. Department of Anthropology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Rajesh K. Gautam

  3. Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India

    Premananda Bharati

  4. Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

    Grażyna Liczbińska

  5. Professor Emeritus, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78705, USA

    Robert M. Malina

  6. Adjunct Professor, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

    Robert M. Malina

Authors
  1. Ramendra Nath Kundu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajesh K. Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arna Chatterjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Premananda Bharati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Grażyna Liczbińska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Robert M. Malina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PB conceived the presented idea. RNK, PB designed methodology. RNK was involved in data curation and performed the analysis. RNK, PB, and RKG were involved in data interpretation. RNK and AC drafted the manuscript. RKG and PB verified the analytical methods. GL and RMM contributed to the interpretation of the statistical analysis. PB, RKG, GL, and RMM critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. RNK, RKG, GL, and RMM finalized the manuscript. PB supervised the study. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Grażyna Liczbińska.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) provided data for this study, which are available in the public domain. The DHS survey methodology and participant confidentiality were evaluated and approved by the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB). Regarding the confidentiality of participants and the protection of human subjects, the ICF IRB abides by the standards set forth by the US Department of Health and Human Services. The DHS also obtained consent from the guardian of each participant. The use of the DHS data did not require additional ethical approval because it was already ethically approved.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kundu, R.N., Gautam, R.K., Chatterjee, A. et al. Nutritional status of infants and young children in India across three decades: Analysis of five national family health surveys. Eur J Clin Nutr (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-024-01427-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-024-01427-7

Search

Advanced search

Quick links