China's researchers have established themselves as important players in many areas of materials science. We asked several experts to discuss the history, present state and future outlook for their fields in China, including any barriers to further success. Disciplines such as condensed-matter physics, materials under high pressure and thermoelectric materials all have a considerable footprint in this country, and China's scientists contribute significantly to global efforts. Substantial investment in research infrastructure — including a growing microscopy and computational community, and the opening of China's first spallation neutron source user facility in 2017 — facilitates these achievements. One of the ultimate aims of materials science is of course to birth new technologies that can benefit society; China has taken significant steps towards aiding the commercialization of its research, with graphene being an early success story. Underpinning all these efforts is the ambition and capabilities of China's researchers, and determined government plans for future prosperity.