African countries can establish a plant variety protection system that supports commercial seed systems without negatively affecting smallholder farmers.
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References
African Regional Intellectual Property Organization. Draft ARIPO legal framework for the protection of new varieties of plants, ARIPO-CM-XIV-8-ANNEX-II (9 September 2013). http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ARIPO-CM-XIV-8-ANNEX-II-Draft-ARIPO-Legal-Framework-for-the-Protection-of-New-Varieties-of-Plants-09-09.pdf
La Via Campesina. ARIPO's draft protocol for the protection of new varieties of plants (“DRAFT Protocol”) undermines farmers' rights, lacks credibility & legitimacy (14 April 2014). http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/main-issues-mainmenu-27/biodiversity-and-genetic-resources-mainmenu-37/1591-aripo-s-draft-protocol-for-the-protection-of-new-varieties-of-plants-draft-protocol-undermines-farmers-rights-lacks-credibility-legitimacy
Lipper, L., Anderson, C.L. & Dalton, T.J. (eds.) Seed Trade in Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development (Earthscan, London 2010).
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. Explanatory notes on exceptions to the breeder's right under the 1991 act of the UPOV convention, UPOV/EXN/EXC/1 (22 October 2009). http://www.upov.int/edocs/expndocs/en/upov_exn_exc.pdf
Association for Plant Breeding for the Benefit of Society. Report on the UPOV Autumn Session (17 November 2014). http://www.apbrebes.org/news/apbrebes-report-upov-autumn-session
European Seed Association. Position on Plant IP Protection and Biodiversity, ESA_11.0049 (6 January 2011). http://www.euroseeds.org/esa110049-esa-position-plant-ip-protection-and-biodiversity
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De Jonge, B., Louwaars, N. & Kinderlerer, J. A solution to the controversy on plant variety protection in Africa. Nat Biotechnol 33, 487–488 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3213
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3213