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| Open AccessPinging the brain to reveal the hidden attentional priority map using encephalography
Past experience with environmental regularities can influence attentional priority. Here the authors show that when observers have learned to expect information in certain locations during a visual search task, such otherwise hidden attentional biases can be visualized through neural responses evoked by the presentation of sudden task-irrelevant visual input (‘pings’).
- Dock H. Duncan
- , Dirk van Moorselaar
- & Jan Theeuwes
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Article
| Open AccessRepresentations in human primary visual cortex drift over time
It is unclear whether human visual cortex exhibits representational drift. Here, the authors test the stability of visual representations and find that responsivity drifts over time, yet dissimilarities remain stable, suggesting a neural mechanism to overcome cumulative changes.
- Zvi N. Roth
- & Elisha P. Merriam
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Article
| Open AccessPredictive neural representations of naturalistic dynamic input
The neural processes underlying the prediction of unfolding external dynamics are not well understood. Here, the authors combine magnetoencephalography and naturalistic dynamic stimuli and show predictive neural representations of observed actions which are hierarchical in nature.
- Ingmar E. J. de Vries
- & Moritz F. Wurm
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| Open AccessDetailed characterization of neural selectivity in free viewing primates
Studying visual processing during natural eye movements in untrained animals is challenging. Here, the authors provide a method for accurately measuring the retinal input to study visual processing and neural selectivity during natural oculomotor behavior in non-human primates.
- Jacob L. Yates
- , Shanna H. Coop
- & Jude F. Mitchell
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| Open AccessMechanisms of simultaneous linear and nonlinear computations at the mammalian cone photoreceptor synapse
Cone photoreceptors signal to several bipolar cell types at one of the most structurally complex synapses in the central nervous system. Here, the authors show how the 3D organization of this synapse creates different signals in the postsynaptic OFF bipolar cell types.
- Chad P. Grabner
- , Daiki Futagi
- & Steven H. DeVries
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Article
| Open AccessDistinct neural mechanisms construct classical versus extraclassical inhibitory surrounds in an inhibitory nucleus in the midbrain attention network
Imc is a midbrain inhibitory nucleus essential for stimulus selection across space. Here, the authors show in the barn owl that global inhibitory surrounds of Imc neurons are constructed within Imc, but their classical inhibitory surrounds are inherited from inputs.
- Hannah M. Schryver
- & Shreesh P. Mysore
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Article
| Open AccessWaves traveling over a map of visual space can ignite short-term predictions of sensory input
Waves of neural activity travel across single regions in the visual cortex, but their computational role is unclear. Here, the authors present a neural network model demonstrating that waves traveling over retinotopic maps can enable short-term predictions of future inputs.
- Gabriel B. Benigno
- , Roberto C. Budzinski
- & Lyle Muller
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Article
| Open AccessBrain-optimized deep neural network models of human visual areas learn non-hierarchical representations
Whether or not deep neural networks require hierarchical representations to predict brain activity is not known. Here, the authors show that a multi-branch deep neural network can predict neural activity independently in visual areas in the absence of hierarchical representations.
- Ghislain St-Yves
- , Emily J. Allen
- & Thomas Naselaris
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| Open AccessRobust encoding of natural stimuli by neuronal response sequences in monkey visual cortex
How the brain analyzes complex visual scenes within a fraction of a second remains poorly understood. Here, the authors suggest that this might be accomplished through the use of a temporal code by exploiting the sequence order of responses generated in networks of recurrently coupled neurons that harbor the priors of natural image statistics.
- Yang Yiling
- , Katharine Shapcott
- & Wolf Singer
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Article
| Open AccessAllnighter pseudokinase-mediated feedback links proteostasis and sleep in Drosophila
For homeostatic plasticity, neuronal circuits rely on poorly understood retrograde signals. Here, the authors identify a visual activity-dependent feedback loop mediated by the secreted Allnighter pseudokinase with effects on brain-wide proteostasis and sleep.
- Shashank Shekhar
- , Andrew T. Moehlman
- & Helmut Krämer
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Article
| Open AccessParabolic avalanche scaling in the synchronization of cortical cell assemblies
The diversity of synchronized neuronal groups provides a challenge for brain theories. Here, the authors report that group size grows quadratically with duration in line with predictions for neuronal avalanches and brain dynamics being critical.
- Elliott Capek
- , Tiago L. Ribeiro
- & Dietmar Plenz
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Article
| Open AccessUnsupervised approach to decomposing neural tuning variability
Accurately capturing the tuning variability directly from the noisy neural responses is an important and challenging issue. Here, the authors introduce an unsupervised statistical approach to decomposing tuning variability, leading to a simple and unifying rule of tuning modulation in V1.
- Rong J. B. Zhu
- & Xue-Xin Wei
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Article
| Open AccessCoregistration of heading to visual cues in retrosplenial cortex
To navigate, animals use visual landmarks to orient themselves within an environment. Here, the authors show how neuronal populations in retrosplenial cortex can use visual input to align the animal’s internal compass to landmarks in the external world
- Kevin K. Sit
- & Michael J. Goard
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Article
| Open AccessIntrinsic timescales in the visual cortex change with selective attention and reflect spatial connectivity
Not much is known about how intrinsic timescales, which characterize the dynamics of endogenous fluctuations in neural activity, change during cognitive tasks. Here, the authors show that intrinsic timescales of neural activity in the primate visual cortex change during spatial attention. Experimental data were best explained by a network model in which timescales arise from spatially arranged connectivity.
- Roxana Zeraati
- , Yan-Liang Shi
- & Tatiana A. Engel
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Article
| Open AccessComparing retinotopic maps of children and adults reveals a late-stage change in how V1 samples the visual field
Many properties of human primary visual cortex (V1) are ‘adult-like’ by childhood. Here, using fMRI, the authors show that V1 of children and adults differentially sample the visual field, indicating a late-stage change in cortical organization.
- Marc M. Himmelberg
- , Ekin Tünçok
- & Jonathan Winawer
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Article
| Open AccessA melanopsin ganglion cell subtype forms a dorsal retinal mosaic projecting to the supraoptic nucleus
In addition to rod and cone photoreceptors, the mammalian retina contains intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here the authors identify a population of ipRGCs that encode ventral vision.
- Michael H. Berry
- , Michael Moldavan
- & Benjamin Sivyer
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Article
| Open AccessExpectation violations enhance neuronal encoding of sensory information in mouse primary visual cortex
In order to efficiently process incoming sensory information, our brain is thought to make predictions about future events. Here, the authors show how neurons in the mouse visual cortex enhance their representation of unpredicted surprising events.
- Matthew F. Tang
- , Ehsan Kheradpezhouh
- & Ehsan Arabzadeh
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Article
| Open AccessLow-dimensional encoding of decisions in parietal cortex reflects long-term training history
Posterior parietal cortex supports visual categorization in macaque monkeys. Here, the authors quantify low-dimensional neural population activity using tensor regression to find that long term training history impacts encoding of categorization.
- Kenneth W. Latimer
- & David J. Freedman
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Article
| Open AccessAn updated suite of viral vectors for in vivo calcium imaging using intracerebral and retro-orbital injections in male mice
Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) are used to measure neural activity. Here, authors screen GECI constructs for suitability with systemic injections and soma-targeting, and modify a soma-targeting peptide for improved expression rate.
- Sverre Grødem
- , Ingeborg Nymoen
- & Marianne Fyhn
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Article
| Open AccessMulti-area recordings and optogenetics in the awake, behaving marmoset
Tools for neurophysiological monitoring in the marmoset are important for studies using this model. Here the authors perform multi-area neural recordings in awake behaving marmosets, and integrate with optogenetics and behaviour.
- Patrick Jendritza
- , Frederike J. Klein
- & Pascal Fries
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| Open AccessInferring visual space from ultra-fine extra-retinal knowledge of gaze position
It is unknown how humans establish stable visual percepts despite the incessant motion of their eyes. Here the authors report that visual judgments of spatial relations incorporate fine-scale motor knowledge of eye position.
- Zhetuo Zhao
- , Ehud Ahissar
- & Michele Rucci
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| Open AccessDistributed context-dependent choice information in mouse posterior cortex
In the posterior cortex, which is involved in decision making, the strength and area specificity of choice signals are highly variable. Here the authors show that the representation of choice in the posterior area of the mouse brain is orthogonal to that of sensory and movement-related signals, with modulations determined by task features and cognitive demands.
- Javier G. Orlandi
- , Mohammad Abdolrahmani
- & Andrea Benucci
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| Open AccessAdaptive coding across visual features during free-viewing and fixation conditions
How the visual system adapts to stimuli along multiple feature axes during natural viewing is poorly understood. Here, the authors show significant enhancement of stimulus coding of image features in visual cortex after rapid exposure to an orthogonal feature.
- Sunny Nigam
- , Russell Milton
- & Valentin Dragoi
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Article
| Open AccessEfficient neural codes naturally emerge through gradient descent learning
In animals, sensory systems appear optimized for the statistics of the external world. Here the authors take an artificial psychophysics approach, analysing sensory responses in artificial neural networks, and show why these demonstrate the same phenomenon as natural sensory systems.
- Ari S. Benjamin
- , Ling-Qi Zhang
- & Konrad P. Kording
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| Open AccessTopographic organization of eye-position dependent gain fields in human visual cortex
It is not fully understood how sensory ambiguity introduced by eye movements is resolved by the visual system. Here, the authors use an encoding model to capture gain modulation of visual responses in 7 T fMRI data.
- Jasper H. Fabius
- , Katarina Moravkova
- & Alessio Fracasso
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Article
| Open AccessGene augmentation prevents retinal degeneration in a CRISPR/Cas9-based mouse model of PRPF31 retinitis pigmentosa
PRPF31-RP is a blinding disease, caused by insufficient levels of a pre-mRNA splicing factor. Here, the authors show that CRISPR-Cas9 editing of the Prpf31 gene in mice leads to retinal degeneration similar to human patients, and, in the same model, demonstrate benefits from PRPF31 gene therapy.
- Zhouhuan Xi
- , Abhishek Vats
- & Leah C. Byrne
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| Open AccessVisual motion perception as online hierarchical inference
How the human visual system leverages the rich structure in object motion for perception remains unclear. Here, Bill et al. propose a theory of how the brain could infer motion relations in real time and offer a unifying explanation for various perceptual phenomena.
- Johannes Bill
- , Samuel J. Gershman
- & Jan Drugowitsch
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Article
| Open AccessIdentification of visual cortex cell types and species differences using single-cell RNA sequencing
The laminar organization of macaque V1 cortex is similar to that seen in humans. Here the authors describe a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of macaque V1 cortex cells.
- Jia-Ru Wei
- , Zhao-Zhe Hao
- & Sheng Liu
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Article
| Open AccessBidirectional and parallel relationships in macaque face circuit revealed by fMRI and causal pharmacological inactivation
The functional and causal relationships among the inferotemporal face patches remain elusive. Here, using fMRI and pharmacological inactivation, the authors discover an antero-posterior bidirectional and fundal-lateral parallel organization of these face patches.
- Ning Liu
- , Marlene Behrmann
- & Leslie G. Ungerleider
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| Open AccessElectronic photoreceptors enable prosthetic visual acuity matching the natural resolution in rats
Retinal prosthetics has shown its promise in restoring vision, despite limited acuity. Here, the authors demonstrate a high-resolution prosthetic vision that enables grating acuity matching the natural visual resolution in rats, paving the way to higher acuity of prosthetic vision in atrophic macular degeneration.
- Bing-Yi Wang
- , Zhijie Charles Chen
- & Daniel Palanker
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| Open AccessNatural scene sampling reveals reliable coarse-scale orientation tuning in human V1
Whether orientation-selectivity is discernable via fMRI remains unclear. Here, by analyzing a public dataset of responses to natural scenes using neurally-inspired image-computable models, the authors isolate and characterize a coarse-scale orientation map and demonstrate that orientation-selective BOLD responses reflect multiple distinct computations at a range of spatial scales.
- Zvi N. Roth
- , Kendrick Kay
- & Elisha P. Merriam
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Article
| Open AccessDistinct organization of two cortico-cortical feedback pathways
Cortical activity is modulated by an intricate network of feedforward and feedback connectivity. Here the authors demonstrate distinct organizational rules govern feedback projections from lateral medial area to V1 versus projections from vibrissal M1 to vibrissal S1.
- Shan Shen
- , Xiaolong Jiang
- & Andreas S. Tolias
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Article
| Open AccessV1-bypassing suppression leads to direction-specific microsaccade modulation in visual coding and perception
How microsaccades modulate visual coding and perception remains incompletely understood. Here, the authors identify an emerging suppression specific to microsaccade directions that alters responses in macaque V2 and impacts perceptual decisions.
- Yujie Wu
- , Tian Wang
- & Dajun Xing
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Article
| Open AccessLayer-specific, retinotopically-diffuse modulation in human visual cortex in response to viewing emotionally expressive faces
Face stimuli that are perceived as emotionally expressive rather than neutral are associated with specific neural responses in V1. Here the authors show that valence information perceived from facial expressions is computed in the amygdala and fed back to V1 via direct anatomical projections.
- Tina T. Liu
- , Jason Z Fu
- & Elisha P. Merriam
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Article
| Open AccessPerception and memory have distinct spatial tuning properties in human visual cortex
Neural activity from perception is thought to be reactivated during memory recall. Here, the authors show that memory reactivation in visual cortex exhibits different tuning properties from those observed during perception.
- Serra E. Favila
- , Brice A. Kuhl
- & Jonathan Winawer
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Article
| Open AccessGuidance landscapes unveiled by quantitative proteomics to control reinnervation in adult visual system
Long-distance regeneration in the adult central nervous system shows severe guidance defects preventing circuit reformation. Here, the authors reveal a comprehensive map of guidance cues in the adult visual system that can be used to modulate the path of regenerating axons to achieve circuit repair.
- Noemie Vilallongue
- , Julia Schaeffer
- & Homaira Nawabi
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| Open AccessCrowding results from optimal integration of visual targets with contextual information
Visual crowding is a phenomenon where objects presented in the visual periphery are not resolved efficiently. Here the authors show that crowding may derive from an optimizing strategy that blends information when it is similar and preserves it when it is dissimilar.
- Guido Marco Cicchini
- , Giovanni D’Errico
- & David Charles Burr
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| Open AccessClassical center-surround receptive fields facilitate novel object detection in retinal bipolar cells
Center-surround receptive fields are typically considered to mediate edge detection. Here, by studying retinal bipolar cells responding to flashed and moving stimuli, the authors reveal an additional function: enhanced representation of newly appearing visual items.
- John A. Gaynes
- , Samuel A. Budoff
- & Alon Poleg-Polsky
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| Open AccessCenter-surround interactions underlie bipolar cell motion sensitivity in the mouse retina
Motion vision is critical for survival. Here the authors show that motion detection occurs already in bipolar cells of the mouse retina, which may contribute to motion processing throughout the visual system.
- Sarah Strauss
- , Maria M. Korympidou
- & Anna L. Vlasits
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Article
| Open AccessLocal features drive identity responses in macaque anterior face patches
Anterior face patches in the macaque have been assumed to represent face identity in a holistic manner. Here the authors show that the neural encoding of face identity in the anterior medial and anterior fundus face patches are instead driven principally by local features.
- Elena N. Waidmann
- , Kenji W. Koyano
- & David A. Leopold
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Article
| Open AccessContext-dependent selectivity to natural images in the retina
Ganglion cells classically respond to either light increase (ON) or decrease (OFF). Here, the authors show that during natural scene stimulation, a single ganglion cell can switch between ON and OFF depending on the visual context.
- Matías A. Goldin
- , Baptiste Lefebvre
- & Olivier Marre
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Article
| Open AccessSmart soft contact lenses for continuous 24-hour monitoring of intraocular pressure in glaucoma care
Continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure remains a grand challenge in glaucoma care. Here the authors develop smart soft contact lenses for continuous 24-hour monitoring of intraocular pressure in human eyes, even during sleep.
- Jinyuan Zhang
- , Kyunghun Kim
- & Chi Hwan Lee
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Article
| Open AccessFlexible cue anchoring strategies enable stable head direction coding in both sighted and blind animals
Vision plays an important role in the head direction cell system in animals. Here the authors recorded from head direction cells in rd1 mice that show retinal degeneration at 1 month, and find that they use smell cues to maintain stable HD tuning.
- Kadjita Asumbisa
- , Adrien Peyrache
- & Stuart Trenholm
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Article
| Open AccessCausal contribution of optic flow signal in Macaque extrastriate visual cortex for roll perception
Extrastriate visual cortex encodes optic flow, yet a direct link to perception has yet to be established. Here, the authors apply electrical microstimulation to reveal that roll signals in MSTd causally contribute to rotation perception around line-of-sight.
- Wenhao Li
- , Jianyu Lu
- & Yong Gu
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Article
| Open AccessCircuit analysis reveals a neural pathway for light avoidance in Drosophila larvae
Studying neural circuits requires a multipronged approach. Here, the authors present a transsynaptic tracing tool in fruit fly larvae and combine it with neuronal inhibition and activation to study the circuit underlying light avoidance behaviour.
- Altar Sorkaç
- , Yiannis A. Savva
- & Gilad Barnea
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Article
| Open AccessHigh-density electrode recordings reveal strong and specific connections between retinal ganglion cells and midbrain neurons
The superior colliculus receives visual information from retinal ganglion cells, but it remains unclear how this information is organized and integrated in vivo. Here the authors describe how high-density electrodes can simultaneously capture the activity of incoming axons and target neurons in the superior colliculus, and demonstrate isomorphic mapping and strong and specific connections in mice and zebrafinches.
- Jérémie Sibille
- , Carolin Gehr
- & Jens Kremkow
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Article
| Open AccessA neural correlate of perceptual segmentation in macaque middle temporal cortical area
Perceptual segmentation, grouping distinct parts of the input for further processing, is a hard problem for sensory systems. Here, the authors report a link between spiking activity in primate visual cortical area MT and subjective segmentation.
- Andrew M. Clark
- & David C. Bradley
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Article
| Open AccessVisual timing-tuned responses in human association cortices and response dynamics in early visual cortex
Early visual cortical responses increase with event duration and frequency, while later timing-tuned responses quantify event timing. Here, the authors show timing tuning gradually emerges up the visual hierarchy, and separates temporal and spatial event features.
- Evi Hendrikx
- , Jacob M. Paul
- & Ben M. Harvey
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Article
| Open AccessDevelopment of visual response selectivity in cortical GABAergic interneurons
Excitatory neurons in the carnivore and primate visual cortex display orientation selectivity arranged in a modular fashion before the onset of visual experience, but the developmental timeline for visual response selectivity of inhibitory neurons is unknown. Using in vivo calcium imaging in ferret visual cortex, the authors show that experience-dependent emergence of orientation selectivity develops in a modular fashion for inhibitory interneurons over the first week of visual experience.
- Jeremy T. Chang
- & David Fitzpatrick