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A circuit suppressing retinal drive to the optokinetic system during fast image motion
The optokinetic reflex assists image-stabilization in visual systems. Here the authors show that the slow speed preference of ON direction-selective ganglion cells, triggering optokinetic nystagmus, relies on inhibition from VGluT3 amacrine cells.
- Adam Mani
- , Xinzhu Yang
- & David M. Berson
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Visual motion perception as online hierarchical inference
How the human visual system leverages the rich structure in object motion for perception remains unclear. Here, Bill et al. propose a theory of how the brain could infer motion relations in real time and offer a unifying explanation for various perceptual phenomena.
- Johannes Bill
- , Samuel J. Gershman
- & Jan Drugowitsch
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Classical center-surround receptive fields facilitate novel object detection in retinal bipolar cells
Center-surround receptive fields are typically considered to mediate edge detection. Here, by studying retinal bipolar cells responding to flashed and moving stimuli, the authors reveal an additional function: enhanced representation of newly appearing visual items.
- John A. Gaynes
- , Samuel A. Budoff
- & Alon Poleg-Polsky
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Center-surround interactions underlie bipolar cell motion sensitivity in the mouse retina
Motion vision is critical for survival. Here the authors show that motion detection occurs already in bipolar cells of the mouse retina, which may contribute to motion processing throughout the visual system.
- Sarah Strauss
- , Maria M. Korympidou
- & Anna L. Vlasits
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A neural correlate of perceptual segmentation in macaque middle temporal cortical area
Perceptual segmentation, grouping distinct parts of the input for further processing, is a hard problem for sensory systems. Here, the authors report a link between spiking activity in primate visual cortical area MT and subjective segmentation.
- Andrew M. Clark
- & David C. Bradley
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Diversity of spatiotemporal coding reveals specialized visual processing streams in the mouse cortex
The cerebral cortex contains different neural representations of the visual scene. Here, the authors show diverse and stereotyped tuning composing specialized representations in the dorsal and ventral areas of the mouse visual cortex, suggesting parallel processing channels and streams.
- Xu Han
- , Ben Vermaercke
- & Vincent Bonin
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Mesoscopic landscape of cortical functions revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging in marmoset monkeys
The authors developed an optical imaging approach for mapping cortical functions through the intact skull in marmoset monkeys. Detailed functions and topographies were revealed in visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices at mesoscopic scales.
- Xindong Song
- , Yueqi Guo
- & Xiaoqin Wang
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The physiological basis for contrast opponency in motion computation in Drosophila
The Drosophila visual system first computes motion in the dendrites of T4 and T5 neurons via a linear mechanism that uses ON and OFF information. Here, the authors show that the Tm9, Tm2, and CT1 neurons provide both ON and OFF information to direction-selective T5 cells in the OFF pathway.
- Giordano Ramos-Traslosheros
- & Marion Silies
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Scaling of sensory information in large neural populations shows signatures of information-limiting correlations
Information regarding a sensory stimulus is distributed in activity of neuronal populations. Here the authors show stimulus information scales sub-linearly with the number of neurons in mouse visual cortex due to correlated noise and may saturate in far fewer numbers of neurons than the total in V1.
- MohammadMehdi Kafashan
- , Anna W. Jaffe
- & Jan Drugowitsch
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Distributed and retinotopically asymmetric processing of coherent motion in mouse visual cortex
Processing of coherent motion has been extensively studied in the primate visual system, but has not been well characterized in mice. Here, the authors use widefield calcium imaging to reveal that coherent motion responses are organized anisotropically both across and within visual areas in mice.
- Kevin K. Sit
- & Michael J. Goard
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A segregated cortical stream for retinal direction selectivity
Visual features are streamed into higher visual areas (HVAs), but how representations in HVAs are built, based on retinal output channels, is unknown. Here, the authors show that specific connectivity of cortical neurons routes retina-originated direction-selective signaling into distinct HVAs.
- Rune Rasmussen
- , Akihiro Matsumoto
- & Keisuke Yonehara
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Spatial suppression promotes rapid figure-ground segmentation of moving objects
The visual system excels at segregating moving objects from their backgrounds, a key visual function hypothesized to be driven by suppressive centre-surround mechanisms. Here, the authors show that spatial suppression of background motion signals is critical for rapid segmentation of moving objects.
- Duje Tadin
- , Woon Ju Park
- & Randolph Blake
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Article
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Revisiting the functional significance of binocular cues for perceiving motion-in-depth
The presence of opposite horizontal motion in the two eyes is a cue for perceiving motion-in-depth, but also leads to suppressed motion sensitivity. Here, the authors address this paradox and show that spatial and interocular integration mechanisms, distinct from the extraction of motion-in-depth, drive suppression.
- Peter J. Kohler
- , Wesley J. Meredith
- & Anthony M. Norcia
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Divergent midbrain circuits orchestrate escape and freezing responses to looming stimuli in mice
In response to environmental threats, such as visual looming stimuli, mice either freeze or escape. Here the authors demonstrate that these two behaviors are mediated by separate tectofugal pathways formed by parvalbumin-positive neurons in the superior colliculus.
- Congping Shang
- , Zijun Chen
- & Peng Cao
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Efficient sensory cortical coding optimizes pursuit eye movements
Efficient coding suggests that adapting gain to match the varying stimulus statistics should help in optimizing behaviour. Here the authors show that adaptation in motion sensitive neurons maximizes information and improves movement accuracy in pursuit eye movements.
- Bing Liu
- , Matthew V. Macellaio
- & Leslie C. Osborne
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V1 neurons respond differently to object motion versus motion from eye movements
A key question in neuroscience is understanding how the brain distinguishes self-generated motion from motion in the external world. Here the authors demonstrate that the response of primary visual cortical neurons to a moving stimulus depends on whether the motion was self- or externally generated.
- Xoana G. Troncoso
- , Michael B. McCamy
- & Susana Martinez-Conde
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Spinal corollary discharge modulates motion sensing during vertebrate locomotion
Corollary discharges inform the central nervous system about impending motor activity. Here, Chagnaud et al. show that, in Xenopustadpoles, shared efferent neural pathways to the inner ear and lateral line adjust the sensitivity of sensory afferents during locomotor activity.
- Boris P. Chagnaud
- , Roberto Banchi
- & Hans Straka
Finding the gap: neuromorphic motion-vision in dense environments