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Striatal indirect pathway mediates exploration via collicular competition
Indirect striatal projection neurons in the basal ganglia modulate activity in the superior colliculus, thereby controlling selection and exploration of actions in response to a reward omission.
- Jaeeon Lee
- & Bernardo L. Sabatini
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Letter |
Voltage imaging and optogenetics reveal behaviour-dependent changes in hippocampal dynamics
A combination of improved near-infrared voltage indicators, high-speed microscopes and targeted gene expression schemes enabled simultaneous in vivo optogenetic control and recording of voltage dynamics in multiple neurons in the hippocampus of behaving mice.
- Yoav Adam
- , Jeong J. Kim
- & Adam E. Cohen
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Letter |
Optogenetic regulation of engineered cellular metabolism for microbial chemical production
Finely tuned optogenetic control of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhances the biosynthesis of valuable products such as isobutanol in laboratory-scale fermenters.
- Evan M. Zhao
- , Yanfei Zhang
- & José L. Avalos
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Article |
Circadian neuron feedback controls the Drosophila sleep–activity profile
A subset of dorsal clock neurons are identified in Drosophila as sleep-promoting cells, which participate in a feedback loop with pacemaker neurons to drive both midday siesta and night-time sleep.
- Fang Guo
- , Junwei Yu
- & Michael Rosbash
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Article |
Projections from neocortex mediate top-down control of memory retrieval
Here, a sparse neuronal projection from a part of the prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate, to the hippocampus is identified that, when activated, can elicit memory retrieval in mice.
- Priyamvada Rajasethupathy
- , Sethuraman Sankaran
- & Karl Deisseroth
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Article |
Structural basis for Na+ transport mechanism by a light-driven Na+ pump
- Hideaki E. Kato
- , Keiichi Inoue
- & Osamu Nureki
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Letter |
Optogenetic control of organelle transport and positioning
An optogenetic strategy allowing light-mediated recruitment of distinct cytoskeletal motor proteins to specific organelles is established; this technique enabled rapid and reversible activation or inhibition of the transport of organelles such as peroxisomes, recycling endosomes and mitochondria with high spatiotemporal accuracy, and the approach was also applied to primary neurons to demonstrate optical control of axonal growth by recycling endosome repositioning.
- Petra van Bergeijk
- , Max Adrian
- & Lukas C. Kapitein
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Letter |
Rapid regulation of depression-related behaviours by control of midbrain dopamine neurons
Optogenetic induction of phasic, but not tonic, firing in VTA dopamine neurons induces susceptibility to stress in mice undergoing a subthreshold social-defeat paradigm and in previously resilient mice that have been subjected to repeated social-defeat stress, and this effect is projection-pathway specific.
- Dipesh Chaudhury
- , Jessica J. Walsh
- & Ming-Hu Han
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Letter |
Ventral tegmental area GABA projections pause accumbal cholinergic interneurons to enhance associative learning
GABA-releasing neurons from the ventral tegmental area that project to the nucleus accumbens are shown to block the firing of cholinergic accumbal interneurons, affecting learning in mice.
- Matthew T. C. Brown
- , Kelly R. Tan
- & Christian Lüscher
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Letter |
Controlling interneuron activity in Caenorhabditis elegans to evoke chemotactic behaviour
Optogenetic neuronal control of freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans to drive the animals up virtual ‘optical’ gradients combined with real-time tracking demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons is technically sufficient to determine such guided locomotion.
- Askin Kocabas
- , Ching-Han Shen
- & Sharad Ramanathan
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Research Highlights |
Light control in monkey brains
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Letter |
Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall
The activation of a population of hippocampal neurons thought to encode a specific fear memory is shown to elicit freezing behaviour in mice.
- Xu Liu
- , Steve Ramirez
- & Susumu Tonegawa
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News & Views |
Ion channel in the spotlight
When expressed in neurons, channelrhodopsin proteins allow the cells' electrical activity to be controlled by light. The structure of one such protein will guide efforts to make better tools for controlling neurons. See Article p.369
- Oliver P. Ernst
- & Thomas P. Sakmar
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Article |
Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction
- Ofer Yizhar
- , Lief E. Fenno
- & Karl Deisseroth
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Letter |
Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking
- Garret D. Stuber
- , Dennis R. Sparta
- & Antonello Bonci
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Letter |
Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety
The amygdala, a brain region important for learning fearful memories, is thought to have a role in generalized anxiety, but the critical subregions and connections are unknown. This paper shows that optogenetic stimulation of basolateral amygdala (BLA) terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala of rats with channelrhodopsin has an anxiolytic effect, whereas inhibition of the same projection with eNpHR3.0 increases anxiety related behaviours. These effects were not observed with direct optogenetic control of BLA somata themselves, indicating that selective activation of certain connections can have different effects.
- Kay M. Tye
- , Rohit Prakash
- & Karl Deisseroth
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Letter |
Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals are the basis for much of the work on which regions of the human brain are active during particular tasks or behaviours, but there is controversy over their source and interpretation. Here a combination of optogenetics and BOLD signal monitoring shows that specific excitatory neurons within a mixed population are sufficient to produce positive BOLD signals, and could be used to map connections.
- Jin Hyung Lee
- , Remy Durand
- & Karl Deisseroth
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News & Views |
fMRI under the spotlight
Analysis of a selected class of neuron in the brains of live animals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) opens the door to mapping genetically specified neural circuits.
- David A. Leopold
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News Feature |
Neuroscience: Illuminating the brain
Systems neuroscientists are pushing aside their electrophysiology rigs to make room for the tools of 'optogenetics'. Lizzie Buchen reports from a field in the process of reinvention.
- Lizzie Buchen
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Letter |
High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by light-driven proton pumps
If the activity of genetically specified neurons is silenced in a temporally precise fashion, the roles of different cell classes in neural processes can be studied. Members of the class of light-driven outward proton pumps are now shown to mediate powerful, safe, multiple-colour silencing of neural activity. The gene archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) enables near 100% silencing of neurons in the awake brain when virally expressed in the mouse cortex and illuminated with yellow light.
- Brian Y. Chow
- , Xue Han
- & Edward S. Boyden