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| Open AccessModel-based lesion mapping of cognitive control using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
The frontal cortex is involved in cognitive control, e.g. cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition, but the roles of frontal subdivisions are unclear. Here, the authors used computational modelling of cognitive control task performance to map lesions responsible for impairments in specific cognitive operations.
- Jan Gläscher
- , Ralph Adolphs
- & Daniel Tranel
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Article
| Open AccessCreative exploration as a scale-invariant search on a meaning landscape
Molecular circuits implementing fold-change detection (FCD) allow cells to respond to fold-change in signals regardless of absolute levels. Here, the authors find that meaning, attention and saturation similarly form an FCD circuit and produce the observed dynamics of human behavior in creative search.
- Yuval Hart
- , Hagar Goldberg
- & Uri Alon
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| Open AccessSpike-timing-dependent plasticity learning of coincidence detection with passively integrated memristive circuits
Hardware implementation of spiking neural networks holds promise for high energy efficient brain-inspired computing. Here, Prezioso et al. realize the detection of synchrony in a demo circuit composed of 20 metal-oxide memristor synapses connected to a leaky-integrate-and-fire silicon neuron.
- M. Prezioso
- , M. R. Mahmoodi
- & D. B. Strukov
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Article
| Open AccessNeuroinspired unsupervised learning and pruning with subquantum CBRAM arrays
To realize the potential of resistive RAM crossbar arrays as platforms for neuromorphic computing, reduced network-level energy consumption must be achieved. Here, the authors use a hardware/software co-design approach to realize reduced energy consumption during network training for the network.
- Yuhan Shi
- , Leon Nguyen
- & Duygu Kuzum
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Article
| Open AccessPredicting eye movement patterns from fMRI responses to natural scenes
Human eye movements when viewing scenes can reflect overt spatial attention. Here, O’Connell and Chun predict human eye movement patterns from BOLD responses to natural scenes. Linking brain activity, convolutional neural network (CNN) models, and eye movement behavior, they show that brain activity patterns and CNN models share representations that guide eye movements to scenes.
- Thomas P. O’Connell
- & Marvin M. Chun
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| Open AccessEffective connectivity of the anterior hippocampus predicts recollection confidence during natural memory retrieval
While memory is often studied using voluntary recollection, the neural correlates of involuntary memory recall and its effect on cognition are unclear. Here, Ren and colleagues show that the effective connectivity from the anterior hippocampus to the precuneus can predict the strength of involuntary retrieval of episodic memory.
- Yudan Ren
- , Vinh T. Nguyen
- & Christine C. Guo
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Article
| Open AccessA model of temporal scaling correctly predicts that motor timing improves with speed
Humans can perform complex motor movements at varying speeds. Here, the authors show that a recurrent neural network can be trained to exhibit temporal scaling obeying Weber’s law as well as validate a prediction of the model of improved precision of movements at faster speeds.
- Nicholas F. Hardy
- , Vishwa Goudar
- & Dean V. Buonomano
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| Open AccessLate Bayesian inference in mental transformations
Humans compensate for sensory noise by biasing sensory estimates toward prior expectations, as predicted by models of Bayesian inference. Here, the authors show that humans perform ‘late inference’ downstream of sensory processing to mitigate the effects of noisy internal mental computations.
- Evan D. Remington
- , Tiffany V. Parks
- & Mehrdad Jazayeri
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Article
| Open AccessDistinct population codes for attention in the absence and presence of visual stimulation
Attention affects stimulus response gain, but its impact without sensory drive is less known. Here, the authors show that attention is coded diversely in a population and is distinct between unstimulated and stimulated contexts, providing a contrast to normalized gain models of attention.
- Adam C. Snyder
- , Byron M. Yu
- & Matthew A. Smith
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Article
| Open AccessAction sharpens sensory representations of expected outcomes
Our brains predict the likely sensory consequences of actions we take; one theory is that these sensory responses are suppressed, but another theory is that they are sharpened. Here, the authors show using fMRI evidence consistent with the sharpening account for sensory consequences of hand movements.
- Daniel Yon
- , Sam J. Gilbert
- & Clare Press
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Article
| Open AccessRats adopt the optimal timescale for evidence integration in a dynamic environment
In a dynamic environment old evidence could be outdated. Here, the authors investigate the ability of rats to integrate and discount evidence provided by auditory clicks to infer a hidden, dynamic, state of the world and model the consequence of sensory noise to explain the source of errors.
- Alex T. Piet
- , Ahmed El Hady
- & Carlos D. Brody
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Article
| Open AccessCortical population activity within a preserved neural manifold underlies multiple motor behaviors
Motor cortical neurons enable performance of a wide range of movements. Here, the authors report that dominant population activity patterns, the neural modes, are largely preserved across various tasks, with many displaying consistent temporal dynamics and reliably mapping onto muscle activity.
- Juan A. Gallego
- , Matthew G. Perich
- & Lee E. Miller
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Article
| Open AccessPerceptual learning of fine contrast discrimination changes neuronal tuning and population coding in macaque V4
Perceptual learning, the improvement in perceptual abilities with training, is thought to involve changes in neuronal 'tuning'. Here, the authors show that perceptual learning works by making neurons increasingly sensitive to task-relevant differences in stimuli, and by improving population coding mechanisms.
- Mehdi Sanayei
- , Xing Chen
- & Alexander Thiele
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| Open AccessA hierarchical anti-Hebbian network model for the formation of spatial cells in three-dimensional space
Neurons in the hippocampal formation encode diverse spatial properties. Here, the authors present a hierarchical network model for 3D spatial navigation that accounts for the observed neuronal representations and predict as yet unreported cell types with planar selectivity.
- Karthik Soman
- , Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- & Michael M. Yartsev
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Article
| Open AccessLISA improves statistical analysis for fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful technique for measuring human brain activity, but the statistical analysis of fMRI data can be difficult. Here, the authors introduce a new fMRI analysis tool, LISA, which provides increased statistical power compared to existing techniques.
- Gabriele Lohmann
- , Johannes Stelzer
- & Klaus Scheffler
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| Open AccessNeurogenetic profiles delineate large-scale connectivity dynamics of the human brain
Attractor dynamics have been discovered in neural circuits, but it is not clear if they exist at the level of whole-brain activity. Here, the authors show that certain brain regions act as nodes in which many activity ‘streams’ converge, regardless of brain state. These regions show distinctive gene expression.
- Ibai Diez
- & Jorge Sepulcre
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Article
| Open AccessFinding any Waldo with zero-shot invariant and efficient visual search
Visual search requires recognizing an object “invariantly”, despite changes in its appearance. Here, the authors show that humans can efficiently and invariantly search for objects in complex scenes and introduce a biologically-inspired zero-shot model that captures human eye movements during search.
- Mengmi Zhang
- , Jiashi Feng
- & Gabriel Kreiman
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| Open AccessOptimal dynamic coding by mixed-dimensionality neurons in the head-direction system of bats
Multidimensional stimuli are often represented by neurons encoding only a single dimension and those encoding multiple dimensions. Here, the authors present theoretical and experimental analyses to show that mixed representations are optimal to efficiently encode such stimuli under different behavioral modes.
- Arseny Finkelstein
- , Nachum Ulanovsky
- & Johnatan Aljadeff
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Article
| Open AccessSingle reach plans in dorsal premotor cortex during a two-target task
It is debated whether motor cortical activity reflects plans for multiple potential actions. Here, the authors report that in a delayed response task with two potential reach targets, population activity in the dorsal premotor cortex at any moment in time represents only one of the targets.
- Brian M. Dekleva
- , Konrad P. Kording
- & Lee E. Miller
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Article
| Open AccessDendrite-targeting interneurons control synaptic NMDA-receptor activation via nonlinear α5-GABAA receptors
Somatostatin+ (SOM+ ) GABAergic interneurons are known to fine-tune synaptic plasticity as they inhibit dendritic spikes and burst firing. Here, the authors show that both SOM+ and NOS+ interneurons preferentially recruit nonlinear outward-rectifying GABA(A)R with alpha5 subunit, and that this inhibition with slow gating kinetics matches voltage and time-dependent activation of synaptic NMDARs, thereby controlling the generation of dendritic NMDA spikes.
- Jan M. Schulz
- , Frederic Knoflach
- & Josef Bischofberger
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Article
| Open AccessDisentangling astroglial physiology with a realistic cell model in silico
Astrocytes have gained increasing attention for their roles in regulating neural circuits via neurotransmitter uptake, K + buffering, and ability to signal via Ca2 + transients. Here, the authors develop a computational modelling environment for astrocytes, akin to the NEURON environment, called ASTRO.
- Leonid P. Savtchenko
- , Lucie Bard
- & Dmitri A. Rusakov
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| Open AccessReconciling persistent and dynamic hypotheses of working memory coding in prefrontal cortex
Working memory (WM) is represented in persistent activity of single neurons as well as a dynamic population code. Here, the authors find that neurons flexibly switch their coding according to current attention while those with stable resting activity maintain WM representations through dynamic activity patterns.
- Sean E. Cavanagh
- , John P. Towers
- & Steven W. Kennerley
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| Open AccessPsychophysical reverse correlation reflects both sensory and decision-making processes
Reverse correlation is a psychophysics technique used to infer sensory filter properties by measuring how changes in stimuli influence behavior. Here, the authors show that reverse correlation is shaped by both sensory and decision-making processes, and validate a method to partition their contributions.
- Gouki Okazawa
- , Long Sha
- & Roozbeh Kiani
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| Open AccessLearning auditory discriminations from observation is efficient but less robust than learning from experience
Many animals can learn, not just by direct experience, but by observing another animal performing a task. Here, the authors show in zebra finches that observer learning is efficient, but differs from direct learning in that it is less generalizable to novel stimuli.
- Gagan Narula
- , Joshua A. Herbst
- & Richard H. R. Hahnloser
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Article
| Open AccessMultiple timescales of normalized value coding underlie adaptive choice behavior
Previous work has shown that the neural representation of value adapts to the recent history of rewards. Here, the authors report that a computational model based on divisive normalization over multiple timescales can explain changes in value coding driven by changes in the reward statistics.
- Jan Zimmermann
- , Paul W. Glimcher
- & Kenway Louie
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Article
| Open AccessLinked dimensions of psychopathology and connectivity in functional brain networks
Co-morbidity and symptom overlap make it difficult to associate psychiatric disorders with unique neural signatures. Here, the authors use a data-driven approach to show that the symptom dimensions of mood, psychosis, fear and externalizing behavior exhibit unique patterns of functional dysconnectivity.
- Cedric Huchuan Xia
- , Zongming Ma
- & Theodore D. Satterthwaite
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| Open AccessSpontaneous cortical activity transiently organises into frequency specific phase-coupling networks
Coordination of neural activity between distant brain areas is necessary for cognition. Here, the authors report using MEG that various brain networks show dynamic phase coupling through specific frequency bands in the alpha and delta/theta range transiently during the resting state.
- Diego Vidaurre
- , Laurence T. Hunt
- & Mark W. Woolrich
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| Open AccessSaccade metrics reflect decision-making dynamics during urgent choices
Saccades have been extensively used to report choices in perceptual decision making studies yet little is known about the influence of covert decision-related processes on saccade metrics. Here, the authors demonstrate that saccade kinematics is a reliable tell about the degree of decision certainty.
- Joshua A. Seideman
- , Terrence R. Stanford
- & Emilio Salinas
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| Open AccessTask-induced brain state manipulation improves prediction of individual traits
Decoding or predicting cognitive traits from brain activity is an exciting prospect. Here, the authors show that task-based functional connectivity better predicts intelligence-related measures than rest-based connectivity, suggesting that cognitive tasks amplify individual differences in trait-relevant circuitry.
- Abigail S. Greene
- , Siyuan Gao
- & R. Todd Constable
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Article
| Open AccessSingle neurons may encode simultaneous stimuli by switching between activity patterns
The neural mechanisms through which neurons represent simultaneously presented stimuli are not well understood. Here the authors demonstrate that the two stimuli are alternately encoded through fluctuations in the activity patterns of single neurons.
- Valeria C. Caruso
- , Jeff T. Mohl
- & Jennifer M. Groh
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Article
| Open AccessNeuromorphic computing with multi-memristive synapses
Memristive technology is a promising avenue towards realizing efficient non-von Neumann neuromorphic hardware. Boybat et al. proposes a multi-memristive synaptic architecture with a counter-based global arbitration scheme to address challenges associated with the non-ideal memristive device behavior.
- Irem Boybat
- , Manuel Le Gallo
- & Evangelos Eleftheriou
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| Open AccessGo/No-Go task engagement enhances population representation of target stimuli in primary auditory cortex
Sensory areas are thought to process stimulus information while higher-order processing occurs in association cortices. Here the authors report that during task engagement population activity in ferret primary auditory cortex shifts away from encoding stimulus features toward detection of the behaviourally relevant targets.
- Sophie Bagur
- , Martin Averseng
- & Srdjan Ostojic
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| Open AccessUncovering hidden brain state dynamics that regulate performance and decision-making during cognition
Brain activity is driven, in part, by external stimuli and demands, but internal brain states also change over time. Here, the authors use a novel Bayesian algorithm to track dynamic transitions between hidden neural states in human brain activity and to relate brain dynamics with behavior.
- Jalil Taghia
- , Weidong Cai
- & Vinod Menon
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| Open AccessAn effect of serotonergic stimulation on learning rates for rewards apparent after long intertrial intervals
Serotonin (5-HT) plays many important roles in reward, punishment, patience and beyond, and optogenetic stimulation of 5-HT neurons has not crisply parsed them. The authors report a novel analysis of a reward-based decision-making experiment, and show that 5-HT stimulation increases the learning rate, but only on a select subset of choices.
- Kiyohito Iigaya
- , Madalena S. Fonseca
- & Peter Dayan
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| Open AccessInferring collective dynamical states from widely unobserved systems
From infectious diseases to brain activity, complex systems can be approximated using autoregressive models. Here, the authors show that incomplete sampling can bias estimates of the stability of such systems, and introduce a novel, unbiased metric for use in such situations.
- Jens Wilting
- & Viola Priesemann
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| Open AccessConcurrence of form and function in developing networks and its role in synaptic pruning
How structure and function coevolve in developing brains is little understood. Here, the authors study a coupled model of network development and memory, and find that due to the feedback networks with some initial memory capacity evolve into heterogeneous structures with high memory performance.
- Ana P. Millán
- , J. J. Torres
- & J Marro
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| Open AccessAn ensemble code in medial prefrontal cortex links prior events to outcomes during learning
Prefrontal cortex is involved in flexibly learning the correct behavioural strategies but the neural correlates of this process are not well understood. Here the authors show that reinforcement for a correct decision at behavioural transitions evokes ensemble firing patterns related to prior events.
- Silvia Maggi
- , Adrien Peyrache
- & Mark D. Humphries
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| Open AccessMapping higher-order relations between brain structure and function with embedded vector representations of connectomes
The function of a brain region is determined by the network it is embedded in. Here the authors implement the word2vec algorithm for connectomes generating a vector embedding of the connectivity structure for each node allowing inference about functional relationships between brain regions.
- Gideon Rosenthal
- , František Váša
- & Olaf Sporns
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| Open AccessON-OFF receptive fields in auditory cortex diverge during development and contribute to directional sweep selectivity
Auditory cortex neurons exhibit distinct frequency tuning to sound onset and offset. Here the authors demonstrate that during development ON-OFF receptive fields diverge to occupy adjacent frequency ranges that may underlie their direction selective responses to frequency modulated sweeps.
- Joseph Sollini
- , Gaëlle A. Chapuis
- & Paul Chadderton
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Article
| Open AccessBelief state representation in the dopamine system
Dopamine neurons encode reward prediction errors (RPE) that report the mismatch between expected reward and outcome for a given state. Here the authors report that when there is uncertainty about the current state, RPEs are calculated on the probabilistic representation of the current state or belief state.
- Benedicte M. Babayan
- , Naoshige Uchida
- & Samuel. J. Gershman
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| Open AccessPopulation coding of conditional probability distributions in dorsal premotor cortex
Movements are continually constrained by the current body position and its relation to the surroundings. Here the authors report that the population activity of monkey dorsal premotor cortex neurons dynamically represents the probability distribution of possible reach directions.
- Joshua I. Glaser
- , Matthew G. Perich
- & Konrad P. Kording
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Article
| Open AccessNeuro-computational account of how mood fluctuations arise and affect decision making
Fluctuations in mood are known to affect our decisions. Here the authors propose and validate a model of how mood fluctuations arise through a slow integration of positive and negative feedback and report the resulting key changes in brain activity that modulate our decision making.
- Fabien Vinckier
- , Lionel Rigoux
- & Mathias Pessiglione
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Article
| Open AccessProscription supports robust perceptual integration by suppression in human visual cortex
Perception relies on information integration but it is unclear how the brain decides which information to integrate and which to keep separate. Here, the authors develop and test a biologically inspired model of cue-integration, implicating a key role for GABAergic proscription in robust perception.
- Reuben Rideaux
- & Andrew E. Welchman
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Article
| Open AccessNeural basis for categorical boundaries in the primate pre-SMA during relative categorization of time intervals
Grouping stimuli into categories often depends on a subjective determination of category boundaries. Here the authors report a neuronal population in pre-supplementary motor area whose peak activity predicts the categorical decision boundary between long and short time intervals on a trial-by-trial basis.
- Germán Mendoza
- , Juan Carlos Méndez
- & Hugo Merchant
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Article
| Open AccessPredicting the spatiotemporal diversity of seizure propagation and termination in human focal epilepsy
A major goal of epilepsy research is understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of seizure. Here, the authors extend the Epileptor neural mass model into a neural field model, in order to provide a unified and patient-specific model of seizure initiation, propagation, and termination.
- Timothée Proix
- , Viktor K. Jirsa
- & Wilson Truccolo
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| Open AccessToward a universal decoder of linguistic meaning from brain activation
Previous work decoding linguistic meaning from imaging data has generally been limited to a small number of semantic categories. Here, authors show that a decoder trained on neuroimaging data of single concepts sampling the semantic space can robustly decode meanings of semantically diverse new sentences with topics not encountered during training.
- Francisco Pereira
- , Bin Lou
- & Evelina Fedorenko
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Article
| Open AccessFlexibility in motor timing constrains the topology and dynamics of pattern generator circuits
Human speech and bird song requires the generation of precisely timed motor patterns. The authors show that zebra finches can learn to independently modify the duration of individual song segments and find that synfire chain networks are ideally suited to implement such flexible motor timing.
- Cengiz Pehlevan
- , Farhan Ali
- & Bence P. Ölveczky
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Article
| Open AccessSystematic generation of biophysically detailed models for diverse cortical neuron types
Neocortical circuits exhibit diverse cell types that can be difficult to build into computational models. Here the authors employ a genetic algorithm-based parameter optimization to generate multi-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley models for diverse cell types in the Allen Cell Types Database.
- Nathan W. Gouwens
- , Jim Berg
- & Anton Arkhipov
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| Open AccessGeneralized leaky integrate-and-fire models classify multiple neuron types
Simplified neuron models, such as generalized leaky integrate-and-fire (GLIF) models, are extensively used in network modeling. Here the authors systematically generate and compare GLIF models of varying complexity for their ability to classify cell types in the Allen Cell Types Database and faithfully reproduce spike trains.
- Corinne Teeter
- , Ramakrishnan Iyer
- & Stefan Mihalas