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| Open AccessThe impact of learning on perceptual decisions and its implication for speed-accuracy tradeoffs
Here, the authors show that rats’ performance on olfactory decision tasks is best explained by a Bayesian model that combines reinforcement-based learning with accumulation of uncertain sensory evidence. The results suggest that learning is a critical factor contributing to speed-accuracy tradeoffs.
- André G. Mendonça
- , Jan Drugowitsch
- & Zachary F. Mainen
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Article
| Open AccessHippocampal seed connectome-based modeling predicts the feeling of stress
Although the feeling of being stressed is ubiquitous and clinically significant, the underlying neural mechanisms are unclear. Using a novel predictive modeling approach, the authors show that functional hippocampal networks specifically and consistently predict the feeling of stress.
- Elizabeth V. Goldfarb
- , Monica D. Rosenberg
- & Rajita Sinha
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| Open AccessSpread of pathological tau proteins through communicating neurons in human Alzheimer’s disease
The tau protein is theorized to spread transneuronally in Alzheimers disease, though this theory remains unproven in humans. Our simulations of epidemic-like protein spreading across human brain networks support this theory, and suggest the spreading dynamics are modified by β-amyloid
- Jacob W. Vogel
- , Yasser Iturria-Medina
- & Per Wollmer
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| Open AccessSources of path integration error in young and aging humans
Path integration abilities, important for spatial navigation, vary widely across individuals and deteriorate in old age. This work shows that path integration errors in general, as well as age-related path integration deficits, are mainly caused by accumulating noise in people’s velocity estimation.
- Matthias Stangl
- , Ingmar Kanitscheider
- & Thomas Wolbers
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| Open AccessRepresentation of visual uncertainty through neural gain variability
How does the brain represent sensory uncertainty? The authors find that neural gain variability tracks stimulus uncertainty across the visual hierarchy and explain their findings with a simple generalization of canonical models of neural computation.
- Olivier J. Hénaff
- , Zoe M. Boundy-Singer
- & Robbe L. T. Goris
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| Open AccessDeep brain stimulation-guided optogenetic rescue of parkinsonian symptoms
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that benefits only a minority of patients. Here, the authors show that activation of cortical somatostatin interneurons alleviates motor symptoms in a mouse model of PD and may constitute a less invasive alternative than DBS.
- Sébastien Valverde
- , Marie Vandecasteele
- & Laurent Venance
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| Open AccessA mechanistic account of serotonin’s impact on mood
The cognitive computational mechanisms underlying the antidepressant treatment response of SSRIs is not well understood. Here the authors show that SSRI treatment in healthy subjects for a week manifests as an amplification of the perception of positive outcomes when learning occurs in a positive mood setting.
- Jochen Michely
- , Eran Eldar
- & Raymond J. Dolan
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| Open AccessMultimodal determinants of phase-locked dynamics across deep-superficial hippocampal sublayers during theta oscillations
Theta oscillations have been implicated in hippocampal processing but mechanisms constraining phase timing of specific cell types are unknown. Here, the authors combine single-cell and multisite recordings with evolutionary computational models to evaluate mechanisms of phase preference of deep and superficial CA1 pyramidal cells.
- Andrea Navas-Olive
- , Manuel Valero
- & Liset M. de la Prida
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| Open AccessType-specific dendritic integration in mouse retinal ganglion cells
Neurons compute by integrating synaptic inputs across their dendritic arbor. Here, the authors show that distinct cell-types of mouse retinal ganglion cells that receive similar excitatory inputs have different biophysical mechanisms of input integration to generate their unique response tuning.
- Yanli Ran
- , Ziwei Huang
- & Thomas Euler
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Article
| Open AccessNoninvasive electromagnetic source imaging of spatiotemporally distributed epileptogenic brain sources
Noninvasive electromagnetic measurements are utilized effectively to estimate large scale dynamic brain networks. Sohrabpour et al. propose a novel electrophysiological source imaging approach to estimate the location and size of epileptogenic tissues in patients with epilepsy.
- Abbas Sohrabpour
- , Zhengxiang Cai
- & Bin He
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| Open AccessFeature-specific neural reactivation during episodic memory
Memory recollection involves reactivation of neural activity that occurred during the recalled experience. Here, the authors show that neural reactivation can be decomposed into visual-semantic features, is widely synchronized throughout the brain, and predicts memory vividness and accuracy.
- Michael B. Bone
- , Fahad Ahmad
- & Bradley R. Buchsbaum
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| Open AccessA double-hit of stress and low-grade inflammation on functional brain network mediates posttraumatic stress symptoms
Low-grade systemic inflammation and stress increase vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, the authors show that inflammation and stress-induced changes in higher order cognitive networks increase vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder.
- Jungyoon Kim
- , Sujung Yoon
- & In Kyoon Lyoo
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Article
| Open AccessMouse tracking reveals structure knowledge in the absence of model-based choice
Mouse tracking can reveal people’s subjective beliefs and whether they understand the structure of a task. These data demonstrate that people often do not use this information to make good choices.
- Arkady Konovalov
- & Ian Krajbich
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| Open AccessA gravity-based three-dimensional compass in the mouse brain
Head direction neurons constitute the brain’s compass, and are classically known to indicate head orientation in the horizontal plane. Here, the authors show that head direction neurons form a three-dimensional compass that can also indicate head tilt, and anchors to gravity.
- Dora E. Angelaki
- , Julia Ng
- & Jean Laurens
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| Open AccessA delay in sampling information from temporally autocorrelated visual stimuli
When a cue is provided, people can rapidly attend to a changing scene and remember how it looked right after the cue appeared, but if the scene changes gradually, there is a delay in what we remember. Here the authors model these effects as prolonged attentional engagement.
- Chloe Callahan-Flintoft
- , Alex O. Holcombe
- & Brad Wyble
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| Open AccessConfidence controls perceptual evidence accumulation
Feelings of confidence reflect the likelihood that decisions are correct. Here the authors show that confidence taps partially dissociable evidence from that used for perceptual decisions, and that, rather than passively monitoring, confidence controls the depth of sensory information processing.
- Tarryn Balsdon
- , Valentin Wyart
- & Pascal Mamassian
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Article
| Open AccessFunctional brain network reconfiguration during learning in a dynamic environment
Adaptive adjustments in learning dynamics are accompanied by dynamic changes in a pattern of whole-brain functional connectivity characterized by integration between fronto-parietal and other networks. These dynamic functional connectivity changes also track individual differences in learning.
- Chang-Hao Kao
- , Ankit N. Khambhati
- & Joseph W. Kable
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Article
| Open AccessSpatial contextual effects in primary visual cortex limit feature representation under crowding
Visual crowding can strongly limit perceptual discriminability, yet its neural basis remains unclear. Here, the authors show that perceptual crowding is similar in monkeys and humans, and that feature encoding in neuronal populations in primary visual cortex is limited for displays inducing crowding.
- Christopher A. Henry
- & Adam Kohn
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Article
| Open AccessSomatodendritic consistency check for temporal feature segmentation
The authors propose a learning rule for a neuron model with dendrite. In their model, somatodendritic interaction implements self-supervised learning applicable to a wide range of sequence learning tasks, including spike pattern detection, chunking temporal input and blind source separation.
- Toshitake Asabuki
- & Tomoki Fukai
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Article
| Open AccessImpact of functional synapse clusters on neuronal response selectivity
The formation of functional synaptic clusters (FSCs) and their impact on somatic membrane potential (sVm) in vivo are poorly understood. Here, the authors develop a computational approach to show that FSCs have to form via local rather than global plasticity and be moderately large to impact sVm.
- Balázs B. Ujfalussy
- & Judit K. Makara
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Article
| Open AccessQuantitative models reveal the organization of diverse cognitive functions in the brain
The authors construct quantitative models of human brain activity evoked by 103 cognitive tasks and reveal the organization of diverse cognitive functions in the brain. Their model, which uses latent cognitive features, predicts brain activity and decodes tasks, even under novel task conditions.
- Tomoya Nakai
- & Shinji Nishimoto
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| Open AccessOpen access resource for cellular-resolution analyses of corticocortical connectivity in the marmoset monkey
Understanding principles of neuronal connectivity requires tools for quantification and visualization of large datasets. Here, the authors introduce an online resource encompassing the coordinates of two million neurons labelled by tracer injections in the marmoset cortex, and analysis tools.
- Piotr Majka
- , Shi Bai
- & Marcello G. P. Rosa
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| Open AccessResponse outcomes gate the impact of expectations on perceptual decisions
The authors use a combination of perceptual decision making in rats and computational modeling to explore the interplay of priors and sensory cues. They find that rats can learn to either alternate or repeat their actions based on reward likelihood and the influence of bias on their actions disappears after making an error.
- Ainhoa Hermoso-Mendizabal
- , Alexandre Hyafil
- & Jaime de la Rocha
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| Open AccessNatural rhythms of periodic temporal attention
That attention is a rhythmic process has received abundant evidence. Here, the authors reveal the natural sampling rate of auditory and visual periodic temporal attention. Both are antagonistically modulated by overt motor activity, a result generalised in a dynamical model of coupled oscillators.
- Arnaud Zalta
- , Spase Petkoski
- & Benjamin Morillon
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| Open AccessComplexity control by gradient descent in deep networks
Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the successes of deep networks remains a challenge. Here, the author demonstrates an implicit regularization in training deep networks, showing that the control of complexity in the training is hidden within the optimization technique of gradient descent.
- Tomaso Poggio
- , Qianli Liao
- & Andrzej Banburski
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| Open AccessPrefrontal attentional saccades explore space rhythmically
The prefrontal attention spotlight dynamically explores space at 7–12 Hz, enhancing sensory encoding and behavior, in the absence of eye movements. This alpha-clocked sampling of space is under top-down control and implements an alternation in exploration and exploitation of the visual environment.
- Corentin Gaillard
- , Sameh Ben Hadj Hassen
- & Suliann Ben Hamed
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| Open AccessFinely tuned eye movements enhance visual acuity
Humans are normally not aware that their eyes are always in motion, even when attempting to maintain steady gaze on a point. Here the authors show that these small eye movements are finely controlled and contribute more than two lines in a standard eye-chart test of visual acuity.
- Janis Intoy
- & Michele Rucci
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Article
| Open AccessSeparability and geometry of object manifolds in deep neural networks
Neural activity space or manifold that represents object information changes across the layers of a deep neural network. Here the authors present a theoretical account of the relationship between the geometry of the manifolds and the classification capacity of the neural networks.
- Uri Cohen
- , SueYeon Chung
- & Haim Sompolinsky
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| Open AccessNeural circuits underlying auditory contrast gain control and their perceptual implications
Auditory contrast gain control helps us perceive sounds as constant despite changes in the environment or background noise. Here, the authors show that neurons in the auditory thalamus and midbrain of mice display independent contrast gain control, not just the cortex as previously thought.
- Michael Lohse
- , Victoria M. Bajo
- & Ben D. B. Willmore
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Article
| Open AccessAn efficient analytical reduction of detailed nonlinear neuron models
Realistic simulations of neurons and neural networks are key for understanding neural computations. Here the authors describe Neuron_Reduce, an analytic approach to simplify neurons receiving thousands of synapses and accelerate their simulations by 40–250 folds, while preserving voltage dynamics and dendritic computations.
- Oren Amsalem
- , Guy Eyal
- & Idan Segev
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Article
| Open AccessDopamine transients do not act as model-free prediction errors during associative learning
Dopamine neurons are proposed to signal the reward prediction error in model-free reinforcement learning algorithms. Here, the authors show that when given during an associative learning task, optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons causes associative, rather than value, learning.
- Melissa J. Sharpe
- , Hannah M. Batchelor
- & Geoffrey Schoenbaum
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Article
| Open AccessControllability governs the balance between Pavlovian and instrumental action selection
Pavlovian and instrumentally driven actions often conflict when determining the best outcome. Here, the authors present an arbitration theory supported by human behavioral data where Pavlovian predictors drive action selection in an uncontrollable environment, while more flexible instrumental prediction dominates under conditions of high controllability.
- Hayley M. Dorfman
- & Samuel J. Gershman
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| Open AccessTask complexity interacts with state-space uncertainty in the arbitration between model-based and model-free learning
The brain dynamically arbitrates between two model-based and model-free reinforcement learning (RL). Here, the authors show that participants tended to increase model-based control in response to increasing task complexity, but resorted to model-free when both uncertainty and task complexity were high.
- Dongjae Kim
- , Geon Yeong Park
- & Sang Wan Lee
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Article
| Open AccessDendritic inhibition differentially regulates excitability of dentate gyrus parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and granule cells
Fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVIs) and granule cells of the dentate gyrus receive layer-specific dendritic inhibition. The authors show that distal and proximal dendritic inhibition differentially control input-output transformations in PVIs and granule cells.
- Claudio Elgueta
- & Marlene Bartos
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Article
| Open AccessContribution of apical and basal dendrites to orientation encoding in mouse V1 L2/3 pyramidal neurons
In vivo laser ablation of dendrites in single L2/3 pyramidal neurons reveals that neuronal orientation tuning in V1 is robust to loss of dendritic input. Orientation tuning functions remain unchanged following apical dendrite ablation and change only slightly upon loss of two primary basal dendrites.
- Jiyoung Park
- , Athanasia Papoutsi
- & Stelios M. Smirnakis
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Article
| Open AccessInterference between overlapping memories is predicted by neural states during learning
Interference from overlapping memories can cause forgetting. Here, the authors show using fMRI decoding approaches that spontaneous reactivation of older memories during new encoding leads to integration, and less interference, between overlapping items.
- Avi J. H. Chanales
- , Nicole M. Dudukovic
- & Brice A. Kuhl
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Article
| Open AccessOptimizing agent behavior over long time scales by transporting value
People are able to mentally time travel to distant memories and reflect on the consequences of those past events. Here, the authors show how a mechanism that connects learning from delayed rewards with memory retrieval can enable AI agents to discover links between past events to help decide better courses of action in the future.
- Chia-Chun Hung
- , Timothy Lillicrap
- & Greg Wayne
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| Open AccessVersatile stochastic dot product circuits based on nonvolatile memories for high performance neurocomputing and neurooptimization
Providing efficient and scalable specialized hardware for stochastic neural networks remains a challenge. Here, the authors propose a fast, energy-efficient and scalable stochastic dot-product circuit that may use either of two types of memory devices – metal-oxide memristors and floating-gate memories.
- M. R. Mahmoodi
- , M. Prezioso
- & D. B. Strukov
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| Open AccessInhibitory microcircuits for top-down plasticity of sensory representations
Rewards can improve stimulus processing in early sensory areas but the underlying neural circuit mechanisms are unknown. Here, the authors build a computational model of layer 2/3 primary visual cortex and suggest that plastic inhibitory circuits change first and then increase excitatory representations beyond the presence of rewards.
- Katharina Anna Wilmes
- & Claudia Clopath
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| Open AccessThe Eighty Five Percent Rule for optimal learning
Is there an optimum difficulty level for training? In this paper, the authors show that for the widely-used class of stochastic gradient-descent based learning algorithms, learning is fastest when the accuracy during training is 85%.
- Robert C. Wilson
- , Amitai Shenhav
- & Jonathan D. Cohen
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| Open AccessTime-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex
Working memory is maintained in the recurrent connectivity of prefrontal neurons; however, distractors lead to a morphing of the population code. Here, the authors show that a low dimensional subspace of activity maintains memory information even with a distractor and can be modeled as a bump attractor.
- Aishwarya Parthasarathy
- , Cheng Tang
- & Camilo Libedinsky
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Article
| Open AccessSymmetry group factorization reveals the structure-function relation in the neural connectome of Caenorhabditis elegans
The 302-neuron connectome of the nematode C. elegans has been completely mapped, yet the design principles that explain how the connectome structure determines its function are unknown. Here, the authors show that physical principles of symmetry and mathematical tools of symmetry groups can be used to understand C. elegans neural locomotion circuits.
- Flaviano Morone
- & Hernán A. Makse
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Article
| Open AccessInferring and validating mechanistic models of neural microcircuits based on spike-train data
It is difficult to fit mechanistic, biophysically constrained circuit models to spike train data from in vivo extracellular recordings. Here the authors present analytical methods that enable efficient parameter estimation for integrate-and-fire circuit models and inference of the underlying connectivity structure in subsampled networks.
- Josef Ladenbauer
- , Sam McKenzie
- & Srdjan Ostojic
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Article
| Open AccessNetwork curvature as a hallmark of brain structural connectivity
The brain can often continue to function despite lesions in many areas, but damage to particular locations may have serious effects. Here, the authors use the concept of Ollivier-Ricci curvature to investigate the robustness of brain networks.
- Hamza Farooq
- , Yongxin Chen
- & Christophe Lenglet
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Article
| Open AccessComputing by modulating spontaneous cortical activity patterns as a mechanism of active visual processing
The brain’s cortex shows complex activity patterns in the absence of sensory inputs. Here, using computational modelling, the authors demonstrate that cortical spontaneous activity is modulated by sensory input and that this modulation process underlies active visual processing.
- Guozhang Chen
- & Pulin Gong
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Article
| Open AccessFeature integration within discrete time windows
In order to perceive moving or changing objects, sensory information must be integrated over time. Here, using a visual sequential metacontrast paradigm, the authors show that integration occurs only when subsequent stimuli are presented within a discrete window of time after the initial stimulus.
- Leila Drissi-Daoudi
- , Adrien Doerig
- & Michael H. Herzog
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Article
| Open AccessOrbitofrontal signals for two-component choice options comply with indifference curves of Revealed Preference Theory
Recording from monkey orbitofrontal cortex, the authors used composite reward bundles and found individual neuron and population responses that were suitable for economic choice. The responses followed behavioral indifference curves and predicted behavioral choices consistent with formalisms of Revealed Preference Theory.
- Alexandre Pastor-Bernier
- , Arkadiusz Stasiak
- & Wolfram Schultz
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Article
| Open AccessCellular and synaptic phenotypes lead to disrupted information processing in Fmr1-KO mouse layer 4 barrel cortex
Somatosensory hypersensitivity in Fmr-1 knockout mice is thought to arise from an increase in cortical circuit excitability. Here, the authors report that the loss of precision of sensory encoding in the Layer 4 of barrel cortex is the primary developmental circuit alteration that drives the other compensatory circuit dysfunction.
- Aleksander P. F. Domanski
- , Sam A. Booker
- & Peter C. Kind
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Article
| Open AccessRevealing neural correlates of behavior without behavioral measurements
Neuronal tuning is typically measured in response to a priori defined behavioural variables of interest. Here, the authors use an unsupervised learning approach to recover neuronal tuning with respect to the recorded network activity and show that this can reveal the relevant behavioural variables.
- Alon Rubin
- , Liron Sheintuch
- & Yaniv Ziv