Articles in 2012

The biological importance of large numbers of retrotransposon-derived Alu repeats present in the human genome has been mysterious. New research reveals that many Alu repeats are bound and induced by retinoic acid receptor to generate RNA polymerase III–dependent transcripts, which are processed in a Dicer-dependent manner. The resulting short, so-called riRNAs post-transcriptionally downregulate target mRNAs, thereby modulating stem-cell proliferation.

RNA polymerase II (pol II) frequently pauses in the promoter-proximal region to ensure gene-specific regulation and RNA quality control. New research demonstrates that the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk7 can act to establish the promoter-proximal pause, through its control of the TFIIE-DSIF switch, and to release Pol II from the pause, through its ability to activate Cdk9.

The kinase CDC7 is essential for replication initiation in eukaryote organisms. To exert its function, CDC7 requires its activator, DBF4. Now the crystal structures of a minimal CDC7–DBF4 complex, with bound nucleotide or inhibitor, along with functional analyses reveal that DBF4 wraps around CDC7, stabilizing the αC helix in the N lobe and tethering the C lobe of the kinase.

In Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, lipid A serves as the anchor for lipopolysaccharide. Structural and biochemical data reveal that LpxI, an enzyme involved in lipid A synthesis, uses a hinge-like mechanism to deposit its product into the membrane through the binding of fresh substrate.

The AAA ATPase p97 (VCP) is thought to remove specific proteins from chromatin at sites of DNA damage, to allow proper repair or processing, but how p97 targets those sites was unclear. The protein DVC1 is now shown to localize to sites of replication stress and UV-light damage, and to be required for p97 recruitment. DVC1's localization to DNA damage sites requires its UBZ domain and PCNA-interacting motif but not PCNA ubiquitination. DVC1 deficiency caused retention of error-prone translesion polymerase η at foci after UV-light damage and increased mutagenesis levels.

The AAA ATPase p97 (VCP) is thought to remove specific proteins from chromatin at sites of DNA damage, to allow proper repair or processing, but how p97 targets those sites was unclear. The protein DVC1 is now shown to localize to sites of replication stress and UV-light damage, and to be required for p97 recruitment. DVC1's localization to DNA damage sites requires its UBZ domain and PCNA-interacting motif but not PCNA ubiquitination. DVC1 deficiency caused retention of error-prone translesion polymerase η at foci after UV-light damage and increased mutagenesis levels.

Adenovirus infection can suppress antigen presentation by MHC I, by the action of transmembrane protein E3-19K, whose N-terminal domain localizes to the ER lumen and binds MHC I luminal domain. Now the crystal structure of E3-19K in complex with MHC I molecule HLA-A2 is presented, providing atomic-level insight into this interaction.

Endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation (ERAD) is a cellular protein quality-control process that disposes of proteasomal substrates from the early secretory pathway. Recent work shows that the endoplasmic reticulum–resident rhomboid protease RHBDL4 facilitates ERAD by recognizing and cleaving integral membrane substrates. The work indicates that intramembrane proteolysis may have a general role in the extraction of misfolded membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Maintenance of genome integrity, cell division and gene expression have all been shown to be regulated by the condensation of DNA into heterochromatin. In a study published in this issue, Bulut-Karslioglu et al. reveal a new heterochromatin function for transcription factors in a mammalian system. They show that instead of activating gene expression, in the context of heterochromatic repeats, specific transcription factors are necessary for the maintenance of transcriptional repression and heterochromatin.

The recently solved crystal structure of the procollagen C propeptide reveals the basis for chain selectivity as well as an unexpected asymmetry to this homotrimeric molecule. In addition, mapping disease-causing mutations to the structure demonstrates clear correlation between severity of disease and mutation location.

SecY and Sec61 translocons mediate the orderly insertion of transmembrane segments into the lipid bilayer during membrane-protein biogenesis. Reporting in this issue, Ismail et al. now use a SecM-based molecular force sensor to show that the translocon exerts a pulling force on the nascent chain that is capable of mechanical action at two distinct stages of the insertion process.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase UHRF1 has been genetically linked to the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation in mammals. A new study now provides mechanistic insight by demonstrating that binding of UHRF1 to methylated histone H3 lysine 9 during mitosis is needed for stability of DNA methyltransferase 1 and the faithful propagation of DNA methylation.

Both epigenetic and splicing regulation contribute to tumor progression, but how these contributions are linked is not well understood. A new study reveals a cascade of altered gene-expression events that underlie tumor progression, wherein splicing factors Ddx5 and Ddx17 control the alternative splicing of an epigenetic factor, macroH2A1, leading to transcriptional alterations that switch tumor cells to an invasive phenotype.

Type IIA topoisomerases (topos) control supercoiling and disentangle chromosomes by an ATP-dependent strand-passage mechanism. The structure of a full-length budding-yeast topo II in complex with DNA and an ATP analog now provides a picture of its architecture, revealing a structural basis for unidirectional strand passage and a DNA-induced control mechanism for ATP hydrolysis and topo activity.

Previous studies have shown the potential for convergent transcription as a way to induce gene silencing. This Technical Report now demonstrates that introducing convergent transcription plasmids into either fission yeast or mammalian cells can be used to mediate long-term transcriptional gene silencing of endogenous genes, with major advantages over other gene silencing strategies.

Activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) depends on disassembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which has been proposed to require CDC20 autoubiquitylation. A new study involving reconstituted recombinant human APC/C supports the view that the APC15 subunit of APC/C localizes near the MCC binding site and mediates CDC20 autoubiquitylation, thereby promoting MCC disassembly.