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The heterogeneous nature of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a challenge for clinical trial design. Careful consideration in clinical trial design, choice of end points and adequate patient characterization is important when evaluating new therapies.
Current evidence suggests that adipose stromal cells, a component of peri-prostatic white adipose tissue and the tumour microenvironment, have an important role in driving aggressive prostate cancer in obesity. These cells are potential targets of therapies to suppress cancer aggressiveness in obesity.
Urine markers enable non-invasive acquisition of tumour information. The evolution towards multiplex approaches addresses bladder cancer heterogeneity and expands clinical application scenarios for urinary biomarkers. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of current status, limitations and perspectives of various urine markers.
In this Perspective article, the authors summarize the roles of vitamins in calcium-containing kidney stone disease, and hypothesize implications for the gut microbiota in altering vitamin homeostasis by modulating vitamin absorption, production and chemical modification.
