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tiRNA-containing extracellular vesicles produced by osteoblasts in the bone marrow are taken up by granulocyte–monocyte progenitors, which promotes their proliferation, increasing host immunity.
Myopathies are genetically inherited diseases that affect the structure and/or function of skeletal muscles and often result in muscle degeneration (muscular dystrophy). This Review discusses our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the most common of these pathologies, which provide key insights into muscle biology.
Following their biogenesis, autophagosomes undergo maturation into degradative autolysosomes by fusing with late endosomes/lysosomes. This process — involving an array of molecular regulators of membrane dynamics — is essential for autophagic degradation, and its deregulation can lead to disease, including neurodegeneration, muscle diseases and cancer, and propagation of pathogens.
Insulin resistance is one of the earliest manifestations of several human diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This Review discusses the causes of insulin resistance and recent insights into the underlying mechanisms, providing directions for the development of novel therapeutic strategies
