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A new study shows that hypoxia interferes with DNA demethylation, resulting in DNA hypermethylation and repression of gene expression, which in tumours leads to the silencing of tumour suppressors.
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are crucial for the formation and remodelling of blood vessels. VEGFR2, which is the main endothelial VEGFR, is regulated by receptor-interacting proteins, endocytosis and trafficking. Recent insights have been gained into these layers of regulation and the crosstalk between VEGFR2 signalling and other endothelial signalling cascades.
Protein ubiquitylation has important regulatory functions, influencing protein–protein interactions and protein stability. The final step of ubiquitylation is catalysed by ubiquitin ligases (E3s), a diverse group of proteins that operate with distinct mechanisms. Recent structural data have provided insights into these mechanisms, extending our understanding of E3 function and regulation.
The role of epigenetic regulation in adult stem cell function depends on the specific tissue and factor, but it commonly affects stem cell maintenance, self-renewal and differentiation without disrupting germ-layer fate.
The DNA of mammalian cells can be damaged by various endogenous and exogenous insults, leading, if unrepaired, to genomic instability. Recently it has become apparent that bacterial pathogens can be a source of genomic instability, owing to their combined capacity to incur DNA damage and to interfere with DNA repair pathways.
