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Recent data suggest that histone modifications have a direct effect on nucleosomal architecture. Acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and citrullination of the histone core may influence chromatin structure by affecting histone–histone and histone–DNA interactions, as well as the binding of histones to chaperones.
Linear ubiquitylation was initially identified owing to its function in canonical nuclear factor-κB activation. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of linear ubiquitin chains in the regulation of other signalling pathways and cell death, and in several diseases including cancer, which highlights the unexpected importance of this form of ubiquitylation.
Our understanding of the downstream effectors and upstream regulators of target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling continues to grow. In particular, recent global 'omics' studies have revealed physiological roles of mammalian TOR (mTOR) in protein, nucleotide and lipid synthesis, and other studies showed that Hippo, WNT and Notch signalling are novel regulators of mTOR.
