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In this Opinion article, the authors suggest that more extensive use of laboratory measurements could help to expedite clinical trials of immunotherapy. They propose that surrogate end points could be used in place of clinical end points to determine drug safety, disease progression and therapeutic efficacy.
The intestinal epithelium expresses several Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are crucial to its effective barrier function and repair following injury. But epithelial cell TLR signalling must be carefully controlled as its dysregulation has been linked to inflammation-associated colorectal cancers.
Here, the authors review the fast-moving field of gene expression regulation by microRNAs. They describe how microRNAs influence many stages of innate and adaptive immune responses and how they might precipitate cancer and autoimmune disease if dysregulated.
This Review describes how microbial or self DNA that enters the cytoplasm can be detected by various mechanisms and triggers a range of cellular responses. These include the induction of antiviral innate immune responses and inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell death.
The most recently described member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, IL-33, as described in this Review, has an important role in immune regulation, as well as in infectious and inflammatory diseases, and thereby could have therapeutic potential.
This Review provides a comprehensive and contemporary overview of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family: their expression and regulation, their effects on innate immune cells, their regulation of adaptive immune responses and their roles in immune-mediated diseases.
In this Review, the authors illustrate how computational modelling can complement experimental research to understand highly complex signalling networks in T cells. They explain how computational approaches can help to eliminate incorrect hypotheses, generate new hypotheses, reveal gaps in our knowledge and design better experiments.
This Review article describes the variety of mechanisms that regulate the production of protein and lipid mediators of inflammation through effects on translation initiation and mRNA decay, with an emphasis on mechanisms that link the initiation and resolution phases of inflammation.
The soil nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans is easy to manipulate genetically and is therefore a useful model organism. But C. elegansdoes not use its Toll-like receptor homologue for immune defence. So what can it tell us about the origins and functions of other immune defence pathways in higher organisms?
