Articles in 2016

Regulatory variant of peptidoglycan recognition receptors inDrosophilaresolve immune responses according to threat level.

The cytokine interleukin-33 was first identified as an inducer of type 2 immune responses. It has now been shown to have pleiotropic activities on multiple immune cell types and is involved in numerous infectious and inflammatory diseases, as described in this Review.

Interleukin-1β is activated by the group AStreptococcusprotease SpeB during infection.

The lncRNAMorrbidcontrols the lifespan of short-lived myeloid cells.

Gain- and loss-of-function mutations in phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ (PI3Kδ) result in a primary immunodeficiency syndrome termed APDS. Understanding the function of PI3Kδ in adaptive immune responses — from studies of mouse models of these mutations and from patients with APDS — provides new insights on how mutations in PI3Kδ promote immunodeficiencies.

Single-cell genomic analysis of ILCs from the mouse small intestine identifies high levels of diversity that are maintained by the commensal microbiota.

This Review discusses our current understanding of the development and functions of follicular helper T (T_FH) cells. The author explains how these cells do not fit with the classical instructional model of helper T cell differentiation and, instead, proposes a model of default T_FHcell development with inherent spatiotemporal stochasticity.

Traditional farming practices in Amish communities help shape the innate immune response and protect against asthma.

Defective mitochondrial metabolism results in dysfunction CD8⁺T cells in chronic viral infections and tumours.

In this Review the authors discuss some of the key differences that exist between male and female immune functions. They explain how these differences lead to sex biases in susceptibility to infections, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for immunologists to consider these sex differences when designing experiments.

Autoantibodies specific for type I IFNs can protect against type 1 diabetes.

In this Review, the authors summarize the features and the molecular drivers of T cell dysfunction in cancer and compare these with dysfunctional T cells in chronic viral infection. The metabolic competition in the tumour microenvironment is also discussed. Understanding antitumour T cell responses has important implications for cancer immunotherapy.

An immune profile associated with the production of broadly neutralizing antibodies is identified in HIV-1-infected individuals.

This Review describes the unique properties of mucus and mucins, with a focus on the intestine. Mucus and mucus-producing goblet cells contribute to our innate immune defences and, in turn, are regulated by the immune system. The authors discuss the link between defective mucus production and increased susceptibility to infection and inflammatory disease.

Apoptosis of infected cells induces both pathogen-specific and self-reactive T helper 17 cells.

Plants depend on cell-autonomous innate immune mechanisms for protection against infection and these pathways are activated in response to pattern recognition receptor (PRR) engagement. However, as is the case in mammals, PRR signalling in plants must be tightly controlled to avoid pathological outcomes; this Review focuses on the mechanisms that regulate plant PRR signalling.

In this Viewpoint article,Nature Reviews Immunologyinvites five experts to share their thoughts on the contributions made by Élie Metchnikoff to the fields of phagocytosis, macrophage biology, leukocyte migration, the microbiota and intravital imaging.

Production of neurotrophic factors by enteric glial cells controls IL-22 production by ILC3s for barrier defence.

Interferon-γ acts on inhibitory neurons to regulate social behaviour in mice

Two studies identify bispecific antibodies that show broad and potent neutralization of HIV in mouse models.