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Rapid urbanization in the developing world has been associated with an increasing incidence of several autoimmune diseases. This Perspective discusses the effect of urbanization and its surrogates on the gut microbiome in both human health and IBD and how such changes might be associated with the development of IBD.
Psychosocial risk factors (often linked to the gut–brain axis) are prevalent across different gastrointestinal disorders. Here, Keefer discusses the emerging field of psychogastroenterology and how behavioural medicine and the promise of positive psychology (resilience, optimism and self-regulation) could improve patient management.
